1. PHYS 1110 Lecture 14 Professor Stephen Thornton October 18, 2012

2. Reading Quiz Which of the following global dams produces the greatest hydroelectric output? A)North Anna. B)Grand Coulee. C)Hoover. D)Niagara Falls. E)Aswan.

3. Reading Quiz Which of the following global dams produces the greatest hydroelectricity output? A)North Anna. B)Grand Coulee. See Table 7-1. C)Hoover. D)Niagara Falls – not a dam. E)Aswan.

6. Table 6-1 Mass of CO 2 Emitted for Various Fuels per Quantity of Energy Fuel CO 2 Emitted Fuel CO 2 Emitted Fuel CO 2 Emitted (g/MJ) (g/MJ) (g/MJ) Natural Gas 50 Kerosene 68 Coal (bituminous) 88 Propane 60 Fuel oil 69 Coal (lignite) 92 Gasoline 67 Wood 84 Coal (anthracite) 98 Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_gas and http://www.eia.gov/oiaf/1605/coefficients.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_gashttp://www.eia.gov/oiaf/1605/coefficients.html

7. $3 billion. May never be built. Last company press release, Dec. 2010.

8. Cap and Trade Vote failed in US Senate in 2009 but passed House by a vote of 219- 212. Successful in Northeast US and EU.

9. Advantages and Disadvantages of Fossil Fuels

10. Quiz The terms peak coal, peak oil, etc refer to A)How long until peak resource extraction occurs. B)How long until the rate of production begins to decline. C)The point in time when all the resource is gone. D)The point in time when the maximum rate of a resource extraction is reached.

11. Quiz The terms peak coal, peak oil, etc refer to A)How long until peak resource extraction occurs. B)How long until the rate of production begins to decline. C)The point in time when all the resource is gone. D)The point in time when the maximum rate of a resource extraction is reached.

12. Hydroelectric Power Hydropower accounts for most of the 19% of global renewable energy.

15. Three Georges Dam in China – 2006 20,000 MW

16. Iguassu Falls area

17. Iguassu Falls

18. Hydroelectric Capacity Production Installed China652 TWh 197 GW Canada370 TWh 90 GW Brazil364 TWh 69 GW United States251 TWh 80 GW Russia167 TWh 45 GW Norway140 TWh 28 GW India116 TWh 34 GW Venezuela 86 TWh 15 GW Japan 69 TWh 27 GW Sweden 66 TWh 16 GW

19. Paraguay 100% (sell 90% to Brazil, Argentina) Ethiopia 88% Venezuela 68% Several African and Small Asian countries also are virtually 100% hydropower: Bhutan Congo Lesotho Mozambique Nepal

20. Table 7-1 Representative Global Hydropower Sites ProjectLocationType Power Capacity (annual energy) Height Itaipu DamParana River,Impoundment,14,000 MWe (91 x 10 6 kWh) Brazil, Paraguay196 m Three Gorges Yangtze River,Impoundment,20,300 MWe (80 x 10 6 kWh) DamChina181 m Guri DamCaroni River,Impoundment,10,235 MWe (47 x 10 6 kWh) Venezuela162 m Grand CouleeColumbia River,Impoundment,6800 MWe (21 x 10 6 kWh) Dam Washington, USA168 m high Niagara FallsNiagara River,Diversion,2700 MWe (USA) New York, Canada run of river2200 MWe (Canada) Aswan DamNile River,Impoundment,2100 MWe Egypt111 m Hoover DamColorado River,Impoundment,2050 MWe (4.2 x 10 6 kWh) Nevada, Arizona221 m Fort Loudoun Tennessee River,Impoundment,144 MWe DamTennessee, USA37 m

21. Columbia River and its tributaries and dams (76). Small circles 50 m or less dam height. Medium circles 50 to 150 m dam height. Large circles over 150 m height. Grand Coulee is #4.

24. Breastshot are more effective than overshoot. Mill race

25. Overshot water wheels are most effective, then breastshot, and then overshot. Overshot 85% effective.

26. Homeowner’s undershot water wheel is not very productive or useful:

27. Global pumped storage generating power capacity is over 100 GW, with about 22 GW in USA. North Anna nuclear power plants are 1 GW each. Bath County pumped storage facility is 3 GW.

29. Let’s go through the list of disadvantages and advantages of hydropower. Which ones do you disagree with? Take a few minutes to go over these on your computer. You can talk among yourselves.

30. Worst dam failures in history. Banqiao Dam, China, 1975; killed 175,000 during Typhoon Nina (26,000 flooding and 145,000 epidemics and famine. 62 dams failed. Johnstown flood, 1889. Earthen dam broke and killed 2200.

31. Quiz You own a 5000 acre parcel in the mountains of western Albemarle county. Which would you rather build on your property to generate income? A)A 250 acre pumped storage facility. B)An overshoot water wheel on a creek. C)A pay parking lot for hikers. D)A 1500 acre lake behind a 50 m high dam. E)A coal burning plant.

32. Quiz You own a 5000 acre parcel in the mountains of western Albemarle county. Which would you rather build on your property to generate income? A)A 250 acre pumped storage facility. B)An overshoot water wheel on a creek. C)A pay parking lot for hikers. D)A 1500 acre lake behind a 50 m high dam. E)A coal burning plant.

33. Solar Energy Burning a metric ton (1000 kg) of coal provides ~4x10 10 J. The time for sunlight on Earth to provide this energy is ~3x10 -7 s.

36. Divide up into groups and discuss Passive solar heating and lighting for buildings. Solar water heaters Solar thermal collectors

38. Table 7-2 Specific Heats of Thermal Masses Material Density Specific Heat Energy Density (kg/m 3 ) (kJ/kg 0 C) (kJ/m 3 0 C) Brick240012400 Concrete24000.962300 Dry earth12501.261580 Dry sand16000.801280 Stone25000.842100 Oak wood 70021400 Water10004.24200

39. Trombe wall

41. Glass X windows in 20-unit senior housing in Switzerland.