1. Substance P (SP) & Endorphin

2. Content Neuropeptides & pain perception – Substance P – endorphins NK1-receptor & Central opiate receptors Endorphins Enkephanlin

3. Substance P (SP) a kind of neuropeptide (belongs to the tachykinin neuropeptide family) Mainly found in the brain and spinal cord Substance P is an important element in pain perception

4. tachykinin family tachykinin family ： Phe-X-Gly-Leu-Met-NH2X X is either an Aromatic( 苯環類 ) or an Aliphatic amino acid( 酯胺酸 ) Substance P

5. NK1-receptor The endogenous receptor for Substance P is neurokinin 1 receptor (NK1-receptor, NK1R). NK1-receptor belongs to the tachykinin receptor sub-family of GPCRs(G-protein couple receptor) NK1-receptor is considered an attractive drug target, particularly with regards to potential analgesics and anti-depressants Tachykinin peptides Substance p Mammalian tachykinin receptor NK-1 (most attractive) NK-2 NK-3 ……….

6. Function of Substance P SP has been associated with the regulation of mood disorders, anxiety, stress, etc. SP also relates to Neurogenic inflammation Substance P receptor(NK1-receptor) antagonists may have important therapeutic applications in the treatment of a variety of stress-related illnesses, in addition to their potential as analgesics

7. Other application Cell growth ： Substance P has been known to stimulate cell growth in culture, and it was shown that Substance P could promote wound healing of non-healing ulcers in humans Diabetes ： Substance P has also been shown to reverse diabetes in mice but effects to insulin secretion seems to be species dependent. Vasodilation ： It has been shown that vasodilatation to substance P is dependent on the NK1 receptor located on the endothelium.

8. Why may a runner who twists his leg during a competition finish the run before he really feels the pain?

9. Central opiate receptors The endogenous analgesia system is a pain control system descending from brainstem to the spinal cord.

10. Endogenous opioids are substances with opiate-like effects. occurring in the nervous system – ß -endorphin,met-enkephalin, leu-enkephalin, dynorphin and many others Endogenous opioids are derivatives of three large protein molecules encoded by three different genes. – e.g. ACTHPOMCß -endorphin

11. Nerve impulseSpinal cordEndorphins ( － ):releasing pain signals Stimulation or increased tone of the analgesia system can suppress strong pain signals entering the spinal cord through the dorsal spinal horn. 背部 腹部

13. Endorphin endogenous opioid neuropeptides function as neurotransmitters produced by the pituitary gland and the hypothalamus during exercise,excitement, pain, consumption of spicy food, love and orgasm, resemble the opiates in their abilities to produce analgesia and a feeling of well-being “endo- ” morphineendogenous “–orphin”

14. Enkephalin An enkephalin is a pentapeptide involved in regulating nociception in the body. Met-enkephalin

15. The enkephalins are termed endogenous ligands, or specifically endorphins they are internally derived and bind to the body's opioid receptors. – Met-enkephalin is Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Met. – Leu-enkephalin has Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Leu.

16. 資料來源： http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta-endorphin http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substance_P http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brainstem http://tw.knowledge.yahoo.com/question/qu estion?qid=1405111805839 http://tw.knowledge.yahoo.com/question/qu estion?qid=1005010501521 Campbell biology campbell reece 8th edition by Reece, Campbell 2007