1. THE DIVERSE WORLD OF PROTISTS

2. PROTISTS First Eukaryotes to evolve ~ 1.5 Billion years ago
Unicellular and multicellular
Can live in colonies
Live any where there is water – lakes, oceans, damp soil, sand, leaf litter

3. CLASSIFICATION Kingdom – Protists Subkingdom – Protozoa Protozoa
proto = first
zoa = animal
Single celled organisms
Contain organelles to carry specific functions

4. CLASSIFICATION Comprised of seven phylum Phylum Sarcomastigophora
Sarko = fleshy
Mastigo = whip
Phylum Ciliophora
Phylum Apicomplexa
Apex = point
Com = together

5. HOMEOSTASIS Structure Water Balance
Pellicle – rigid microtubules, maintains shape
Ectoplasm – outside cytoplasm
Endoplasm – inside cytoplasm
Water Balance
Water enters protozoa through osmosis
Contractile vacuole – maintains water and solute balance

6. REPRODUCTION Asexual reproduction
Budding – pinching off of cell produces smaller daughter cell
Binary fission – mitosis produces two identical
offspring
Multiple Fission (schizogony) – cell division
that produces multiple cells

7. MOVEMENT Pseudopodia Pseudo – false Pod – foot Extension of cytoplasm
Cilia
Hairlike protein fibers
Movement and attachment
Flagella
Thin protein whip
Rotates or whips back and forth

8. HOMEOSTASIS Nutrition Cytopharynx – mouth
Food vacuoles – digestion and transport
of food
Egestion vacuoles - contain digested
material
Ctyopyge – release waste by exocytosis

9. LIFESTYLES
Symbiosis – one organism lives in close association with another organism
Parasitism – live in or on a host that is usually
harmed
Commensalism – one member benefits and
host is not harmed
Mutualism – both species benefit

10. PHYLUM SARCOMASTIGOPHORA
Unicellular or lives in colonies
Flagella and/or pseudopodia
Autotrophic, saprozoic, heterotrophic
One nucleus
Sexual reproduction

11. PHYLUM SARCOMASTIGOPHORA
Class Phytomastigophorea
Euglena
Class Zoomastigophorea
Trypanosoma
Trichomonas
Giardia
Leishmania
Amoeba

12. Euglena Anatomy Make up a large part of the plankton of the oceans
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Make up a large part of the plankton of the oceans
All algae contain chlorophyll and carry on photosynthesis
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13. EUGLENOID

14. African Trypanosomiasis
Commonly called African Sleeping Sickness
Caused by protozoan Trypanosoma brucei
Vector - seven species of Tsetse Fly

15. African Sleeping Sickness Life Cycle
Fly bites infected mammal and ingests the parasites
Protozoan multiply and develop in fly
Fly bites human and passes on parasites
Trypanosoma infect blood and spinal fluid
Also contract through maternal fluids, blood transfusion, organ transplant

16. Tsetse Fly – Vector for African Sleeping Sickness

17. Typanosomes – Causes African Sleeping sickness
Typanosomes – Causes African Sleeping sickness. Generalized pain, weakness, cramps and swelling of neck lymph nodes. Parasites invade all organs of the body including heart and CNS. The latter leads to apathy, mental dullness, tremors, convulsions and sleepiness, coma. There is rapid weight loss and death a few months later from malnutrition, heart failure, pneumonia or a parasitic infection.
Trypanosoma

18. African Sleeping Sickness
Infects 20,000 – 25,000 annually
Causes 55,000 deaths each year
Cattle loses amount to $2.7 billion a year
No vaccine or drug for prevention
Limited drugs for treatment
Research and development of drugs by private sector are minimal because development of drugs in impoverished countries in not profitable.

19. More Trypanosomes

20. Trypanosoma cruzi in blood smears
Trypanosoma cruzi in blood smears, Giemsa stain.
but can present with manifestations that include fever, anorexia, lymphadenopathy, mild hepatosplenomegaly, and myocarditis.  Most acute cases resolve over a period of 2 to 3 months into an asymptomatic chronic stage.  The symptomatic chronic stage may not occur for years or even decades after initial infection.  Its manifestations include cardiomyopathy (the most serious manifestation); pathologies of the digestive tract such as megaesophagus and megacolon; and weight loss.  Chronic Chagas disease and its complications can be fatal.
Trypanosoma cruzi in blood smears

21. African Sleeping Sickness Control
Vector control through insecticides
Protection against disease
Avoid areas of high infection
Wear thick, long-sleeved clothing
Use bed nets
Avoid dust and bushes
Attracted to dust vehicles kick up
Rest on bushes during hot periods

22. , B, C: Triatomine bug, Trypanosoma cruzi vector, defecating on the wound after taking a blood meal.
The protozoan parasite, Trypanosoma cruzi, causes Chagas disease, a zoonotic disease that can be transmitted to humans by blood-sucking reduviid bugs.

23. TRICHOMONIASIS
STD caused by the protozoan parasite Trichomonas vaginalis
Effects 5 million Americans every year
Infection frequently has no symptoms

24. TRICHOMONIASIS
Infects vagina of woman and urethra (urine canal) in men
Women – frothy yellow-green discharge with strong odor
Men – mild discharge, burning during urination
Can be treated with antibiotics (95% cure rate)

25. Trichomoniasis - Parasite Trichomoniasis - Parasite

27. Trichomoniasis - Parasite

28. GIARDIA Giardia lamblia infects the small intestine
Become cysts that are excreted
Transmitted by contaminated food and water

29. Diarrhea infected with Giardia
This is an example of infectious diarrhea due to Giardia lamblia infection of the small intestine. Transmitted by contaminated food and water. The small pear-shaped trophozoites live in the duodenum and become infective cysts that are excreted. They produce a watery diarrhea. A useful test for diagnosis of infectious diarrheas is stool examination for ova and parasites.
Diarrhea infected with Giardia

30. PROTIST FOUND IN TERMITES
TRICHONYMPHA –
PROTIST FOUND IN TERMITES
These protists take in wood particles: in the picture of Trichonympha below, in the lower portion of the cell, you can see a mass of granular material that is in fact wood particles being digested. Trichonympha is only one of several such protists found in the guts of termites.

31. Trichonympha Drawing
                                                                                                                                                          

32. Trichonympha
Hypermastigid flagellates – large number of flagella

33. Trichonympha community

34. SUBPHYLUM SARCODINA Move with pseudopod Naked or with shell
Most free living

35. Amoeba Anatomy

36. Paramoeba found in marine environments, or as pathogens in fish and shellfish. Observe the pseudopods extending out in front of amoeba, pulling it along.

37. Paramoeba – lost it’s pseudopod. Why?
Environmental stress, put under coverslip.

38. Amoebic Dysentary Caused by Entamoeba histolytica
Infection of the intestine
Species spread through the blood to infect the liver, lungs and brain
Parasites found in contaminated food or drink
Mostly found in tropical regions

39. Protists with nucleus visible, flagella

40. GREEN ALGAE
ABOUT 7000 SPECIES OF GREEN ALGAE. USE AS FOOD, SUSHI.

41. RED ALGAE
USED FOR FOOD, HIGH VITAMIN AND PROTEIN CONTENT. CONTRIBUTES TO THE FORMATION OF CORAL REEFS.

42. BROWN ALGAE
ROCK WEED OR BROWN ALGAE, SHOWN AT LOW TIDE BERKELEY MARINA IN CALIFORNIA

43. DIATOMS

44. DIATOMS CONTAIN DELICATE SILICA SKELETON Golden brown algae
Two part shell of silicon (glass)
Food stored as oil
Responsible for most oil consumed today

45. PHYLUM CILIOPHORA Cilia for locomotion Rigid pellicle and fixed shape
Distinct cytosome (mouth)
Dimorphic nuclei
Macronucleus for controlling cell functions
Micronucleus for cell division

46. PHYLUM CILIOPHORA
Paramecium

47. Paramecium Anatomy

49. PHYLUM APICOMPLEXA
Parasitic with an apical complex to penetrate host cells
One nucleus
Cilia and flagella lacking except in certain reproductive stages
Life cycle is asexual (schizogony, sporogony) and sexual (gametogony) phases

50. PHYLUM APICOMPLEXA Plasmodium – cause of malaria
Toxoplasma - Toxoplasmosis

52. This is a thin film from a 27 year old female backpacker, with a recent history of trekking through Northern Thailand and high fever.
Plasmodium protist invading blood cells.

54. Section of brain showing blood vessels blocked with developing P
Section of brain showing blood vessels blocked with developing P. falciparum parasites (see arrows).

55. Anopholes mosquito, vector for malaria

56. Schizont in liver section.
falciparum: exo-erythrocytic schizont
P. falciparum ring form, thin film, Giemsa

57. TOXOPLASMOSIS
Disease caused from ingesting parasite Toxoplasma gondii.
Parasite found throughout world
3. Most people who are infected have few symptoms due to immune system
Toxoplasma gondii is a protozoan parasite that infects most species of warm blooded animals, including humans, causing the disease toxoplasmosis. More than 60 million people in the United States probably carry the Toxoplasma parasite, but very few have symptoms because the immune system usually keeps the parasite from causing illness. However, pregnant women and those with

58. CONTRACTING TOXOPLASMOSIS
Accidental ingest of cat feces
Consuming partially cooked meat (pork, lamb, venison)
Contaminated water with Toxoplasma
Dirty cooking utensils
Organ transplant or blood transfusion
Toxoplasma gondii is a protozoan parasite that infects most species of warm blooded animals, including humans, causing the disease toxoplasmosis. More than 60 million people in the United States probably carry the Toxoplasma parasite, but very few have symptoms because the immune system usually keeps the parasite from causing illness. However, pregnant women and those with

59. TOXOPLASMOSIS SYMPTOMS Flu like Swollen glands Muscle aches
Severe symptoms = damage to brain,eyes, other organs
Toxoplasma gondii is a protozoan parasite that infects most species of warm blooded animals, including humans, causing the disease toxoplasmosis. More than 60 million people in the United States probably carry the Toxoplasma parasite, but very few have symptoms because the immune system usually keeps the parasite from causing illness. However, pregnant women and those with

60.                                   
Toxoplasma gondii is a protozoan parasite that infects most species of warm blooded animals, including humans, causing the disease toxoplasmosis. Life Cycle:
Toxoplasma gondii

61. Toxoplasm gondii in lung material
Toxoplasma gondii in the bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) material from an HIV infected patient. 
Toxoplasm gondii in lung material

62. SLIME MOLD
MOS
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FUCK TLY FOUND IN DECAYING WOOD OR COW DUNG