1. Excretion: Removal of harmful, toxic, metabolic waste
Metabolic Wastes:
[Physical respiration]
CO2
H2O
[Physical respiration, Dehydration Synthesis]
Nitrogenous Wastes
[Protein Metabolism]
- Ammonia
(most toxic)
Water balloon demo
- Urea
- Uric Acid
(least toxic)

2. Organs Involved:
Skin
Lungs
Liver
Kidneys

3. Work together to maintain homeostasis
What are the 4 major organs involved with excretion:
Lungs
Liver
Kidneys
Skin
Work together to maintain homeostasis
Amino acid break down yields ammonia….urea much less toxic

4. Physical Respiration 150 million per lung
Exchange of gases (CO2, H2O, O2)
Pathway of air:
Nasal Passage
Pharynx
Larynx
Trachea
Gas exchange---bromothymol blue in clear glass/volunteer to breathe in through straw---, reacted w/CO2
Still O2 in exhaled air(75% of inhaled O2)----mouth to mouth
Nine people lost their book bags already
300 alveoli total---70 sq. meters (25x25 ft room)
Bronchi/Bronchial tubes
Bronchioles
Alveoli
(respiratory surface)
LUNGS
150 million per lung

5. Nasal Passage
Pharynx
Larynx
Trachea
Bronchi
Lung
Bronchial Tubes

6. 1) Hairs filter out large foreign particles
Nasal Passage:
1) Hairs filter out large foreign particles
2) Mucus on walls trap bacteria and dust
3) Moistens air
4) Blood moving through capillaries warm inhaled
air
Pharynx:
Connects oral cavity to nasal passage
A sneeze can exceed the speed of 100 mph
A cough releases an explosive charge of air that moves at speeds up to 60 mph.
Larynx:
(Voice Box)
Between pharynx to trachea

7. Trachea through Bronchial tubes:
- transports air to alveoli
- walls produce mucus to trap bacteria and dust
- cilia line walls and beat mucus upwards

8. Alveoli Are thin, moist and surrounded by capillaries
Are the functional units for gas exchange between the lung and the blood
Alveoli increase surface area for gas exchange
O2 diffuses into the blood from the alveoli and CO2 and water diffuse out of the blood and into the alveoli
Bunches of grapes
Spread out---size of tennis court

9. Bronchial Tube

10. Alveoli
Bronchiole

11. (II) Breathing Process

12. What part of the brain controls breathing?
Medulla
(involuntary behavior)
To what is the medulla responding?
Carbon Dioxide concentration in the blood
If CO too high….involuntary breathing
Breathing masks in airplane---told to start breathing (not enough O2 in plane but the CO2 hasn’t gone up to indicate breathing needed)

13. Effects of Smoking: paralyzes cilia in the respiratory tract
increases production of
mucus (smokers cough)
smoke particles eventually break down alveoli wall
forming scar tissue. Lungs lose elasticity becoming
less functional
1 cig minutes paralyzed w/o cilia particles in resp. tract and lungs, can’t move it out
Smokers: times more likely to get lung cancer, most not survive 5 years after lung cancer diagnosis
30% male smokers to age 80, 55% male nonsmokers to 80
Smoke contains carcinogens (cause lung cancer)

14. Healthy Lung Tissue
Diseased Lung Tissue

15. Disorders of the Respiratory System
Asthma:
- Severe allergic response
Contraction of bronchioles
making breathing difficult
- Fatigue
Bronchitis:
Asthma simulation through straw
- inflammation of the lining of the bronchial tubes
- results in a severe cough and difficulty breathing
- fatigue

16. Emphysema:
- lungs lose elasticity
- results in shortness of breath, difficulty breathing
- fatigue
Pneumonia:
- alveoli become filled with fluid
- prevents exchange of gases at alveoli
- severe cough, chest pain
- fatigue

17. Lung Cancer:
tumors form in lungs (irregular uncontrolled cell
growth)
- lungs lose elasticity, breathing difficulty
- fatigue (eventually death)

18. Liver: Regulates body fluid composition Detoxification of blood
Synthesis of bile
Amino acid break down yields ammonia….urea much less toxic
Urea formation (amino acid break down)

19. Skin: Epidermis Dermis Sweat Gland Hair Follicle Nerve Sebaceous Gland
Blood vessel brings waste to sweat gland for elimination
Each square inch of human skin consists of twenty feet of blood vessels.
Sweat Gland
Hair Follicle
Nerve
Sebaceous Gland
Fatty Tissue

20. - Release perspiration
Sweat Glands:
- Release perspiration
- Sweat contains water, urea and salt
Functions
Excretion
Humans shed about 600,000 particles of skin every hour - about 1.5 pounds a year By 70 years of age, an average person will
will have lost 105 pounds of skin
Regulation of body temperature

21. Click the image to play the video segment.
Kidney Function
Click the image to play the video segment.
Video 2

22. Kidneys: Functions Remove metabolic waste from the blood
Salt, urea, (water)
Regulates composition of body fluids
Control concentration by eliminating/holding
onto water
Nephron:
Filtrate: what filtered out: water, urea, glucose, salt, aa
Filter 20% blood pumped from heart yet only .5% of body weight
Filters 45 gallons per day (entire blood supply 25 times a day)
99% water in blood reabsorbed
(functional unit)
million per kidney

24. Path of Urine Excretion:
Kidney
Ureters
Bladder 1 pint----feel the need to urinate after 1/3 full
Urinary Bladder
Urethra (boys and girls both have!)

25. How do the kidneys maintain homeostasis?
(How do the kidneys regulate blood/urine composition?)
During exercise:
After drinking:
After eating salty chips:

26. Causes of Kidney Disease:
- infections
- heart disease
- toxic substances
environmental pollutants
(heavy metals lead and mercury)
- diets high in protein
- crash diets
Gout:
Excess uric acid crystals precipitate out of blood
into joints
- cause is high protein diet (red meat)

27. Kidney Threshold level:
if the concentration of a substance in the blood exceeds
a certain level, the excess is NOT reabsorbed…
Problems:
Diabetes: the blood sugar level is so high that glucose
in the filtrate will not diffuse back into the blood stream….
so glucose is present in the urine.
Kidney stones: hard mineral and crystalline material
formed within the kidney or urinary tract.
Kidney stone 1/10 chance lifetime, more common in those that don’t drink enough water (more solutes, inc. chance crystallize)

28. Dialysis:
When a set of kidneys don't do their job, their owner has what is called a chronic kidney condition. Eventually, those kidneys may be considered failing. Much like a filter system hooked up to a pool, dialysis gives the kidneys a break by skimming waste for them.
How does it work? A filtering machine is used to remove waste and extra fluid from your blood.
Complete breathing lab before starting respiration!