1. A Brief Intro to Cortical Neuroanatomy

2. 14 Major Sulci Main sulci are formed early in development Fissures are really deep sulci Typically continuous sulci Interhemispheric fissure Sylvian fissure Parieto-occipital fissure Collateral sulcus Central sulcus Calcarine Sulcus Typically discontinuous sulci Superior frontal sulcus Inferior frontal sulcus Postcentral sulcus Intraparietal sulcus Superior temporal sulcus Inferior temporal sulcus Cingulate sulcus Precentral sulcus Other minor sulci are much less reliable Source: Ono, 1990

3. Interhemispheric Fissure - hugely deep (down to corpus callosum) -divides brain into 2 hemispheres

4. Sylvian Fissure -hugely deep -mostly horizontal -insula (purple) is buried within it -separates temporal lobe from parietal and frontal lobes Sylvian Fissure

5. Parieto-occipital Fissure and Calcarine Sulcus Parieto-occipital fissure (red) -very deep -often Y-shaped from sagittal view, X-shaped in horizontal and coronal views Calcarine sulcus (blue) -contains V1 Cuneus (pink) -visual areas on medial side above calcarine (lower visual field) Lingual gyrus (yellow) -visual areas on medial side below calcarine and above collateral sulcus (upper visual field)

6. Collateral Sulcus -divides lingual (yellow) and parahippocampal (green) gyri from fusiform gyrus (pink)

7. Cingulate Sulcus - divides cingulate gyrus (turquoise) from precuneus (purple) and paracentral lobule (gold)

8. Central, Postcentral and Precentral Sulci Central Sulcus (red) -usually freestanding (no intersections) -just anterior to ascending cingulate Postcentral Sulcus (red) -often in two parts (superior and inferior) -often intersects with intraparietal sulcus -marks posterior end of postcentral gyrus (somatosensory strip, purple) Precentral Sulcus (red) -often in two parts (superior and inferior) -intersects with superior frontal sulcus (T- junction) -marks anterior end of precentral gyrus (motor strip, yellow)

9. Intraparietal Sulcus - anterior end usually intersects with inferior postcentral (some texts call inferior postcentral the ascending intraparietal sulcus) -posterior end usually forms a T-junction with the transverse occipital sulcus (just posterior to the parieto-occipital fissure) -IPS divides the superior parietal lobule from the inferior parietal lobule (angular gyrus, gold, and supramarginal gyrus, lime) POF

10. Slice Views inverted omega = hand area of motor cortex

11. Superior and Inferior Temporal Sulci Superior Temporal Sulcus (red) -divides superior temporal gyrus (peach) from middle temporal gyrus (lime) Inferior Temporal Sulcus (blue) -not usually very continuous -divides middle temporal gyrus from inferior temporal gyrus (lavender)

12. Superior and Inferior Frontal Sulci Superior Frontal Sulcus (red) -divides superior frontal gyrus (mocha) from middle frontal gyrus (pink) Inferior Frontal Sulcus (blue) -divides middle frontal gyrus from inferior frontal gyrus (gold) orbital gyrus (green) and frontal pole (gray) also shown Frontal Eye fields lie at this junction

13. Medial Frontal -superior frontal gyrus continues on medial side -frontal pole (gray) and orbital gyrus (green) also shown

14. Learning More Anatomy Duvernoy, 1999, The Human Brain: Surface, Blood Supply, and Three-Dimensional Sectional Anatomy beautiful pictures clear anatomy slices of real brain Damasio,1995, Human Brain Anatomy in Computerized Images good for showing sulci across wide range of slice planes really crappy reconstructions Ono, 1990, Atlas of the Cerebral Sulci great for showing intersubject variability gives probabilities of configurations and stats on sulci Tamraz & Comair, 2000, Atlas of Regional Anatomy of the Brain Using MRI with Functional Correlations good overview

15. JODY – THE FOLLOWING SLIDE ARE FROM THE NORWAY PAGE

16. Anatomical and Functional Neuroanatomy Images from Brain Voyager Brain Tutor (Freeware)

17. Why is so little attention paid to the cortex in traditional neuroanatomy? Cortical Neuroanatomy Carpenter, 1991, Core Text of Neuroanatomy

18. Learning More Anatomy In my personal order of preference… Duvernoy, 1999, The Human Brain: Surface, Blood Supply, and Three-Dimensional Sectional Anatomy beautiful pictures good schematic diagrams clear anatomy slices of real brain Springer, US$326 Ono, 1990, Atlas of the Cerebral Sulci great for showing intersubject variability gives probabilities of configurations and stats on sulci Theime, US$199 Damasio,1995, Human Brain Anatomy in Computerized Images good for showing sulci across wide range of slice planes really crappy reconstructions in first edition second edition available April 2005 with new images Oxford University Press, US$125 Tamraz & Comair, 2000, Atlas of Regional Anatomy of the Brain Using MRI with Functional Correlations good overview Springer, US$203 Talairach & Tournoux, 1988. Co-Planar Stereotaxic Atlas of the Human Brain just because it’s the standard doesn’t mean it’s good (see also PC vs. Mac, VHS vs. betamax) Theime, US$240 Wanna get rich? Publish a brain atlas. Sheesh, these are expensive!

19. Brain Tutor Freeware interactive tutorial available from –http://www.brainvoyager.com/http://www.brainvoyager.com/

20. The Brain Before fMRI (1957) Polyak, in Savoy, 2001, Acta Psychologica

21. Sensory Areas Van Essen

22. Early Visual Areas

23. Category-Specific Visual Areas Lateral Occipital (LO) –object-selective –objects > (faces & scenes) faces places objects Malach, 2002, TICS Fusiform Face Area (FFA) –face-selective –faces > (objects & scenes) Parahippocampal Place Area (PPA) –place-selective –places > (objects and faces)

24. Social Stimuli Extrastriate Body Area Allison, Puce & McCarthy, 2000, TICS Data from Astafiev et al., 2005, Nature Neuroscience Data from Downing, 2001, Science

25. Motion-Selective Areas MT+ or V5 motion complex Sunaert et al., 1999, Exp Brain Res Watson et al., 1993, Cerebral Cortex

26. Parietal Cortex Simon et al., 2002, Neuron

27. Attention Corbetta et al., 1998, PNAS Cabeza & Nyberg, 2000, JOCN Frontal Eye Fields Parietal Eye Fields

28. Working Memory dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (near inferior frontal sulcus, IFS) ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (above Sylvian fissure, SF) anterior cingulate cortex Data: Duncan & Owen, 2000, TICS Figure: Huettel, Song & McCarthy

29. Language Cabeza & Nyberg, 2000, JOCN

30. Memory Encoding hippocampus Cabeza & Nyberg, 2000, JOCN

31. Emotion amygdala

32. Motor Regions Hand area of Motor Cortex Premotor Cortex Supplementary Motor Area Picard & Strick, 2001, CONB Yousry et al, 1997, Brain

33. Note I’m still working on the “areas” slides and they are admittedly on the lame side, especially for temporal, frontal and subcortical areas If you have any good images of well-established regions of interest that you would like me to add, please e-mail me: culham@imaging.robarts.ca