1. Skeletal System

2. Skeletal System Functions
Provides shape and support.
Video Notes Anatomy Skeletal System Support

3. Skeletal System Functions
Enables you to move.
Skeletal muscles, which are attached to bones by tendons, pull on the bones to produce movement.

4. Skeletal System Jobs Protects your internal organs.
Your heart and lungs are shielded by your ribs.
Your brain is protected by your skull.
Your spinal cord is protected by your vertebral column.
Video Notes Anatomy Skeletal System Bones Protect

5. Skeletal System Jobs Produces blood cells.
Some of your bones are filled with special material that makes red and white blood cells.
Video Notes Anatomy Skeletal System Bones Make Blood

6. Skeletal System Jobs
Stores minerals, fats, and other substances.

7. Types of Bone
Compact bone: has no visible open spaces and provides most of the strength and support for a bone.

8. Types of Bone
Spongy bone: has many open spaces which makes the bone light, but strong.

9. Bone Marrow
Bone marrow is a soft tissue found inside the bones that makes red blood cells and stores fat.
Video Notes Anatomy Skeletal System Bone Types

10. Cartilage
Cartilage- soft, flexible tissue that is part of the skeletal system. Makes up the nose and ears, and helps cushion the area where two bones meet.
Video Notes Anatomy Skeletal System Cartilage

11. Joints
Joints- the place where two or more bones connect and allow for movement.
Video Notes Anatomy Skeletal System Types of Joints

12. Joints or “Articulations”
Articulation = place where two bones come together
Classification methods:
Function:
Synarthrosis (non-movable)
Amphiarthrosis (slightly movable)
Diarthrosis (freely movable)
Structure (connective tissue type):
Fibrous (fibrous tissue)
Cartilaginous (cartilage)
Synovial (synovial fluid)

13. Fibrous joints Cartilaginous joints Synovial joints No movement
Sutures in fetal skull
Cartilaginous joints
Slight movements
Epiphyseal plates, costal cartilage
Synovial joints
Free movements
Most joints (wrist, knee, shoulder, hip, etc.)

14. Fibrous Joints

16. Synovial Joints

17. Ball and Socket Joint
Ball and Socket Joint: allow the greatest range of motion, like your shoulder and hip.

18. Hinge Joint
Hinge Joint: like the hinge of a door, allows forward or backward motion.
Knee Joint
Elbow Joint

19. Pivot Joint
Pivot Joint: allows one bone to rotate around another, neck and head.

20. Sliding Joint
Sliding Joint: allows one bone to slide over another, wrist and ankles.

21. Types of Joint Movements
Flexion vs. extension
Plantar flexion vs. dorsiflexion
Abduction vs. adduction
Pronation vs. supination
Eversion vs. inversion
Rotation
Protraction vs. retraction
Elevation vs. depression
Circumduction
Excursion (mandible moving side to side)
Opposition vs. reposition (thumb & pinky together, then apart)

25. Bone to Bone
Ligaments- connects bone to bone.

26. Bone to Muscle
Tendons- connects muscle to bone.

27. Divisions of the Skeleton
Axial skeleton
Skull
Hyoid bone
Vertebral column
Thoracic (rib) cage
Appendicular skeleton
Limbs
Girdles
7-27 27

29. Axial skeleton
1. Skull (28 bones including auditory ossicles)
2. Hyoid bone (1 bone)
3. Vertebral column (26 bones)
a. Cervical (7 vertebrae)
b. Thoracic (12 vertebrae)
c. Lumbar (5 vertebrae)
d. Sacrum (1 – 5 fused vertebrae)
e. Coccyx (1 -~4 fused vertebrae)
4. Thoracic Cage (25 bones)
a. Ribs (24)
b. Sternum (1 – 3 parts)
80 total bones in axial skeleton

30. The Skull – 28 bones Braincase – encloses cranial cavity
Surrounds & protects brain
6 bones, 8 when paired
Facial bones – forms facial structure
8 bones, 14 when paired
Auditory ossicles – form the middle ear
These bones transmit vibration to eardrum
Malleus, incus, & stapes

31. Hyoid bone U-shaped Not part of skull
No direct bony attachment to skull (attached by muscles & ligaments)
Attachment site for tongue & larynx muscles (speech & swallowing)

32. Vertebral Column “Backbone” Central axis of skeleton 5 regions:
Cervical vertebrae (neck + to turn) (C1-C7)
Thoracic vertebrae (T1-T12)
Lumbar vertebrae (L1-L5)
Sacral (S)
Coccygeal bone (CO)
4 curves:
Cervical curves anteriorly
Thoracic curves posteriorly
Lumbar curves anteriorly
Sacral & coccygeal curve posteriorly

33. Functions of Vertebral Column
Supports weight of head & trunk
Protects spinal cord
Allows spinal nerves to exit spinal cord
Site for muscle attachment
Permits head & trunk movement

34. Vertebral Column “Backbone” Central axis of skeleton 5 regions:
Cervical vertebrae (neck + to turn) (C1-C7)
Thoracic vertebrae (T1-T12)
Lumbar vertebrae (L1-L5)
Sacral (S)
Coccygeal bone (CO)
4 curves:
Cervical curves anteriorly
Thoracic curves posteriorly
Lumbar curves anteriorly
Sacral & coccygeal curve posteriorly

35. Vertebral Column Defects
Lordosis – abnormal anterior curvature
Lumbar
Swayback
Kyphosis – abnormal posterior curvature
Usually upper thoracic
Hunchback
Scoliosis – abnormal lateral curvature

36. Vertebral Column Damage
Herniated disk
Compresses nerves
“Broken Tailbone”
Fractured coccyx
Can occur during childbirth and from falls

37. Thoracic Cage “Rib cage” Functions: Consists of:
Protects vital organs in thorax
Prevents collapse of thorax during respiration
Consists of:
Thoracic vertebrae
Ribs + associated cartilages
Sternum

39. Ribs & Costal Cartilages
12 pairs (24 total)
Articulate with thoracic vertebrae
True ribs – (1-7) superior 7 attach to sternum via cartilage
False ribs – (8-12) inferior 5 do not directly attach to sternum
Floating ribs – (11-12) inferior 2 not attached to sternum at all

40. Sternum “Breastbone” Three parts: Manubrium (handle) Body
Jugular notch – superior to manubrium; between clavicular articulations
Body
Sternal angle – at junction of manubrium & body; locates 2nd rib & used to find apex of heart
Xiphoid process (sword)
Used in CPR alignment

41. Appendicular Skeleton
Girdles
Pectoral or shoulder
Pelvic
Upper Limbs
Arm
Forearm
Wrist
Hand
Lower Limbs
Thigh
Leg
Foot
7-41 41

42. Pectoral Girdle 2 scapulae 2 clavicles Articulates with humerus
Articulates with sternum & scapula

43. Pelvic Girdle
2 coxae
Coxa formed by 3 fused bones: ilium, ischium, pubis
Sex differences: larger pelvic inlet and outlet in females, broader pelvis in females, greater subpubic angle in females (childbirth)

44. Comparison of the Male and Female Pelvis
7-44 44

45. Upper Limb
Arm
Forearm
Wrist
Hand

46. Upper Limb: Arm
Humerus – region between shoulder and elbow

47. Upper Limb: Forearm
Radius (lateral or thumb side) & Ulna (medial or little finger side)

48. Upper Limb: Wrist & Hand
Wrist – region between forearm and hand
8 carpals
Hand – attached to carpals
5 metacarpals
5 digits
3 phalanges per finger (2 on thumb)

49. Lower Limb
Thigh
Leg
Ankle
Foot

50. Lower Limb: Thigh Femur – region between hip and knee Patella
Articulates with coxa and tibia
Patella

51. Lower Limb: Leg
Tibia (shin) and fibula

52. Lower Limb: Foot & Ankle
Ankle = 7 tarsals; articulates with tibia & fibula; calcaneus forms heel
Foot = 5 metatarsals; 3 phalanges per digit (except great toe – has 2)