1. Overview of Anatomy and Physiology
What to expect this year

2. What is It?
The branches of anatomy and physiology are complementary to each other
Anatomy is the study of the structure of the body parts and their relationships with one another
Gross anatomy or macroscopic-study of LARGE body structures (those that would be visible with the naked eye)
Microscopic anatomy-cannot be seen with the naked eye, must use a microscope
Developmental anatomy traces structural changes that occur in the body through life (embryology)
Physiology deals with the study of function of the body

3. The Subdivisions of Anatomy
Gross Anatomy
Microscopic
Regional anatomy-studies the structures in a particular region
Systemic-system by system
Surface-study of internal structures as they relate to the overlying skin
Cytology-study of cells
Histology-study of tissues

4. Levels of Organization
The human body has many levels of organization
The most basic is the chemical level (chapter 2)-at this level atoms combine to form molecules which will combine to make organelles
Organelles make cells (chapter 3)
Cells make tissues (chapter 4)
Tissues make organs which in turn make organ systems (chapters 5-27)

5. How Do We Live?
Maintaining boundaries- internal environment remains distinct from external environments
Movement
Responsiveness (irritability)-ability to sense changes in the environment and respond
Digestion
Metabolism-breaking substances down
Excretion-removing wastes
Reproduction
Growth
Nutrition

6. Pause-Activity 1 Break into 9 groups
Each group will have a different topic of how we live and will create a poster
You will only get ONE piece of construction paper
You must include the following:
What is your topic
What does it mean to you
Examples
Pictures
Which body systems help
Anything relevant

7. Homeostasis
The ability to maintain a relatively stable internal environment in an ever-changing outside world
The internal environment of the body is in a dynamic state of equilibrium
Chemical, thermal, and neural factors interact to maintain homeostasis
There are two types of feedback mechanisms: positive and negative

8. Feedback Mechanisms Negative Feedback Positive feedback
In negative feedback systems, the output shuts off/declines the original stimulus
Most common type found in the human body
EX: body temperature
The output enhances or exaggerates the original stimulus
EX: Regulation of blood clotting (once clotting starts, it speeds up)

9. Homeostatic Control Mechanisms
There are three essential components of control mechanisms: Control Center, Receptor and Effector
Control Center: analyzes the input, determines the appropriate response and activities the effector
Receptor: senses changes in the environment and responds by sending information to the control center
Effector: makes the changes needed to maintain homeostasis

10. Pathways for Homeostasis
Afferent: the nerve structures through which an impulse, especially a sensory impression, is conducted to the cerebral cortex.
Efferent: the nerve structures through which an impulse passes between groups of nerve cells or between the central nervous system and an organ or muscle

11. The Language of Anatomy
These MUST be memorized!!

12. Directional Terms
Anatomical Position- The body is erect (standing up straight) with feet slightly apart and palms facing forward so that your thumbs point away from the body
Note: the terms left and right refer to the position of the person being viewed NOT the observer

13. UP and DOWN Toward the head or upper body (above)
Superior (Cranial)
Toward the head or upper body (above)
Inferior (Caudal)
Away from the head or lower body (below)

14. FRONT and BACK Toward or at the front of the body
Anterior (ventral)
Toward or at the front of the body
Posterior (dorsal)
Toward or at the back of the body

15. In Between Toward or at the midline of the body (inner side of)
Medial
Toward or at the midline of the body (inner side of)
Lateral
Away from the midline of the body (outer side of)
Intermediate
Between a more medial and more lateral structure

16. Extremities-UP and Down
Proximal
Closer to the origin of the body part or point of attachment of a limb to the trunk
Distal
Farther from the origin of a body part of the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk

17. IN and OUT Toward or at the body surface Away from the body surface
Superficial (external)
Toward or at the body surface
Deep (internal)
Away from the body surface

18. Activity 2-in pairs
Create one set of labels for the anatomical directions we’ve just learned (EXCEPT superficial and deep)
Have one person in the group lay in the CORRECT anatomical position and have the other partner label the directions
When finished, switch and let the other person try

19. Activity 3
Create a foldable using a different color for each pair; put the pairs across from one another (for example: hot would be on one side, cold on the other-both would be written in the same color)
Fold paper into hot dog shape, and make six tabs (five cuts) on each side
The top two tabs, cut completely off your paper this will be the title of the foldable: directional terms

20. More on Activity 3
For the rest of the tabs label as follows: Superior, Inferior, Anterior, Posterior, Medial, Lateral, Proximal, Distal, Superficial, Deep
Inside the tab you need to define what each is AND provide an example; use BASIC anatomy parts in which you know such as arm, shoulder, chest, leg, foot, etc.

21. Regional Terms Makes up the main axis of our body
Axial
Appendicular
Makes up the main axis of our body
Includes head, neck and truck
Consists of appendages (limbs)
These are attached to the axis

22. More Regional Terms
In your textbook, pg. 14 Figure 1.7 lists all the regional terms used to designate specific body areas-you must know these as well!!!

25. Body Planes and Sections
Frontal/coronal Plane
Sagittal Plane
A vertical plane that divides the body into right and left parts
A sagittal plane that lies exactly in the midline is the midsagittal plane
All other sagittal planes are called parasagittal planes (para-near)
Lie vertically and divides the body into anterior and posterior parts
Transverse/horizontal Plane
Runs horizontally from left to right dividing the body into superior and inferior parts
Sometimes these are referred to as cross sections

27. Body Cavities Dorsal Cavity Ventral Body Cavity
Protects the organs of the nervous system
Has TWO subdivisions: Cranial (skull) and Vertebral (spinal cord)
Because both of these are essentially part of the same organ, the two cavities are continuous with one another
Ventral Body Cavity
More anterior and larger cavity
Houses internal organs collectively called the viscera
Has TWO major subdivisions: Thoracic (surrounded by ribs) and abdominopelvic (abdomen and pelvic regions)
The two major divisions are separated by the diaphragm

29. Other Cavities Oral and digestive Nasal Orbital (eyes) Middle ear
Synovial (joint)

30. Subdivisions of Abdominopelvic Region
Left/Right hypochondriac region: Part of the liver, gallbladder, & part of diaphragm in right; part of diaphragm and part of stomach in left
Left/Right lumbar region: Ascending colon of large intestine in right; Descending colon of large intestine in left
Left/Right iliac/inguinal region: Cecum of large intestine in right; Part of sigmoid colon of large intestine in left
Epigastric Region: Most of the stomach
Umbilical Region: Transverse colon of large intestine, small intestine
Hypogastric/pubic Region: Bladder

33. Activity 4-pairs
Again make labels, this time for the body cavities AND their subdivisions (use chart paper for the abdominal subdivisions)
Repeat the same procedure as we did in activity 1