1. Chapter 37 Sex Hormones

2. Copyright 2007 Thomson Delmar Learning, a division of Thomson Learning Inc. All rights reserved. 37 - 2 Sex Hormones Endocrine glands: control development and function of the human reproductive system Female: ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, and vagina Male: testes, penis, seminal vesicles, prostate gland, and bulbourethral glands

3. Copyright 2007 Thomson Delmar Learning, a division of Thomson Learning Inc. All rights reserved. 37 - 3 Female Ovaries  Stimulated by follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone  Synthesize and secrete estrogen and progesterone

4. Copyright 2007 Thomson Delmar Learning, a division of Thomson Learning Inc. All rights reserved. 37 - 4 Estrogen and Progesterone Regulate the development and maintenance of the female reproductive system Secondary sex characteristics Cycling of FSH and estrogen influences the female menstrual cycle

5. Copyright 2007 Thomson Delmar Learning, a division of Thomson Learning Inc. All rights reserved. 37 - 5 Adverse Effects of Estrogen Nausea Vomiting Breast swelling Fluid retention Weight gain Thromboembolic disease High blood pressure Breast cancer Uterine cancer Cervical cancer

6. Copyright 2007 Thomson Delmar Learning, a division of Thomson Learning Inc. All rights reserved. 37 - 6 Progesterone Secreted last 2 weeks of the menstrual cycle  Uterine lining begins secretory phase Essential for maintenance and integrity of the placenta and the embryo Adverse effects  Nausea, fever, weight gain, headache, dizziness, and diminished sex drive

7. Copyright 2007 Thomson Delmar Learning, a division of Thomson Learning Inc. All rights reserved. 37 - 7 Oral Contraceptives Females—prevent conception Combination of estrogens and progestins (progesterone) (continues)

8. Copyright 2007 Thomson Delmar Learning, a division of Thomson Learning Inc. All rights reserved. 37 - 8 Oral Contraceptives Adverse effects  Nausea  Acne  Edema  Headache  Breast swelling  Weight gain  Fatigue  Depression (continued)

9. Copyright 2007 Thomson Delmar Learning, a division of Thomson Learning Inc. All rights reserved. 37 - 9 Alendronate Sodium (Fosamax) Postmenopause Classified as a bone reabsorption inhibitor Increased calcium deposit in the bone Several new products similar to Fosamax

10. Copyright 2007 Thomson Delmar Learning, a division of Thomson Learning Inc. All rights reserved. 37 - 10 Male Androgens Synthesized and secreted by the interstitial cells of the testes Controlled by FSH (Follicle Stimulating Hormone) and ICSH (Interstitial Cells Stimulating Hormone) Testosterone  Development of secondary sex characteristics, penis, prostate, seminal vesicles, and vas deferens  Initiates spermatogenesis

11. Copyright 2007 Thomson Delmar Learning, a division of Thomson Learning Inc. All rights reserved. 37 - 11 Testosterone Adverse effects  In young boys  Premature epiphyseal closure  Impaired bone growth  Estrogen and androgen combinations  Used to treat Postpartum breast engorgement Menopause vasomotor symptoms

12. Copyright 2007 Thomson Delmar Learning, a division of Thomson Learning Inc. All rights reserved. 37 - 12 Male Impotence Erectile dysfunction  Sildenafil citrate (Viagra)  Enhances the effect of nitric oxide, a chemical that causes smooth muscle relaxation in the penis  Requires sexual stimulation  Take 1-2 hours before sexual activity  Adverse effects  Chest pain, sudden cardiac death, asthma, and sloughing of the skin

13. Copyright 2007 Thomson Delmar Learning, a division of Thomson Learning Inc. All rights reserved. 37 - 13 Anabolic Agents Androgenic steroid hormones Synthetic testosterone Promotes muscle growth Misuse by athletes Serious adverse effects  Liver toxicity, testicular hypofunction, elevated cholesterol, hepatic cancer, erectile dysfunction, and myocardial infarction

14. Copyright 2007 Thomson Delmar Learning, a division of Thomson Learning Inc. All rights reserved. 37 - 14 Finasteride (Proscar) Androgen hormone inhibitor  Treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)

15. Copyright 2007 Thomson Delmar Learning, a division of Thomson Learning Inc. All rights reserved. 37 - 15 Reproductive Cancers Males treated with estrogen Females treated with testosterone