1. Class lectures available

2. World Lithospheric Plates
Source: After W. Hamilton, U.S. Geological Survey.

4. North American Plate Caribbean Plate
Source:

5. Source: http://woodshole. er. usgs

6. Source: http://woodshole. er. usgs

7. Hot Spot Volcanism
Tectonic plates ‘drift’ over a ‘mantle plume’

8. Hot spot volcanism: tracking moving plates

9. Hot spot volcanism: tracking moving plates
Midway Island (Pacific Plate)
~ 25 Million years old, 2700 km from Hawaii
2700 km/25 Ma
At what rate is the Pacific plate moving?

10. Plate Tectonics and the Rock Cycle
What drives plate tectonics?
Rock Formation at Plate Boundaries

11. Mantle Convection
Different rocks form in different environments

12. Source: http://www. gly. fsu

13. Overview Earthquakes–Basic Theory
Seismic Waves and Earthquake Severity
Earthquake–Related Hazards and Their Reduction
Earthquake Prediction and Forecasting
Earthquake Control?
Awareness, Public Response
Further Thoughts on Modern and Future U.S. Earthquakes

14. Source: http://www. gly. fsu

15. Seismic Waves and Earthquake Severity
Locations faults occur
Types of Faults
Seismic Waves
Locating the Epicenter
Magnitude and Intensity

22. Source: http://www. gly. fsu

35. Earthquake–Related Hazards and Their Reduction
Ground Motion (shaking)
Influenced by bedrock vs. sediments
Ground Failure (landslides, liquefaction)
Tsunamis and Coastal Effects
Fire

37. Ground Shaking — Loma Prieta Earthquake
Source: R.A. Page et. al., Goals, Opportunities, and Priorities for the USGS Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program, U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1079, p. 7.

38. Hollow Clay Brick Walls in Iran
Source:Photograph by M. Mehrain, Dames and Moore, courtesy of U.S. Geological Survey.

39. Timber-Frame Buildings in Turkey
Source:Photograph by Roger Bilham, courtesy of U.S. Geological Survey.

40. Landslide from Seattle Earthquake, 1965
Source:Photograph courtesy University of California at Berkeley/NOAA.

41. Effects of Soil Liquefaction, Japanese Quakes (Nigata), 1964
Source:Photograph courtesy of National Geophysical Data Center.

42. Sand Boils after Loma Prieta Earthquake
Source:Photograph by J. Tinsley, from U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report

43. Collapse of I-880 1989 Loma Prieta Earthquake
Source:Photograph by D. Keefer, from U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report

44. Marina District Damage from Loma Prieta Quake
Source:Photograph by M. Bennette, from U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report

47. Tsunami Damage in Kodiak, Alaska
Source:Photograph courtesy of National Geophysical Data Center.

48. Tsunami Travel Times to Hawaii
Source: After U.S. Geological Survey.

49. Earthquake Prediction and Forecasting
Seismic Gaps
Earthquake Precursors and Prediction
Current Status of Earthquake Prediction
The Earthquake Cycle and Forecasting

50. California Earthquake Probabilities Map
Source: After U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1079, fig, 15, p. 29.

51. Parkfield, CA: USGS Prediction of Earthquakes
Prediction: 1988 ± 5 years
Source: Data from U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1079.

52. The “Earthquake Cycle” Concept
Source: After U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1079, fig 6, p. 15.

53. Earthquake Control? Releasing the energy: is it possible?
Observations: Denver, CO (1960’s)
Fluid Injection to allow smaller slip

54. Waste Disposal Correlated with Quakes in Denver
Source: Adapted from David M. Evans, “Man-Made Earthquakes in Denver,” Geotimes, 10(9):11-18, May/June Used by permission.

55. Earthquake: Public Response

58. Freeway Damage — 1971 CA Earthquake
Source:Photograph by E.V. Leyendecker, courtesy of U.S. Geological Survey.

59. Freeway Damage — 1994 CA Earthquake
Source:Photograph by M. Celebi, courtesy of U.S. Geological Survey.

60. Further Thoughts on Modern and Future U.S. Earthquakes
Areas of Widely Recognized Risk
Other Potential Problem Areas

62. U.S. Seismic-Risk Map
Source: Photo courtesy of U.S. Geological Survey National Seismic Hazard Mapping Project.

63. Seismic Waves Propagation
Source: After U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1240-B.

64. Zones of Mercalli Intensity from Charleston Quake
Source:Data from U.S. Geological Survey.

65. Earthquake Scrapbook

66. Pancake-Style Collapse — 1985 Mexico City Quake
Source:Photograph by M. Celebi, USGS Photo Library, Denver, CO.

67. Mission district — San Francisco Earthquake, 1906
Source:Photograph by G.K. Gilbert, courtesy U.S. Geological Survey.

68. Source: http://www. gly. fsu

69. Fourth Ave Landslide — Anchorage, Alaska, 1964
Source:Photograph courtesy USGS Photo Library, Denver, CO.

70. Wreckage of Gov’t Hill School, Anchorage, 1964
Source:Photograph courtesy USGS Photo Library, Denver, CO.

71. Damage from 1886 Charleston, SC Earthquake
Source: Photograph by J.K. Hillers, USGS Photo Library, Denver, CO.