1. IT Human Resource in Southeast Asia: Some Figures Ha Quang Thuy, Assoc. Prof. Dr. Knowledge Technology Laboratory, Faculty of Information Technology VNU-University of Engineering and Technology http://www.coltech.vnu.edu.vn/~thuyhq

2. Contents 1. Innovation in the Southeast Asia’s counties: inhomogeneous 2. Some Remarks September 18, 20152 IT human resource in the SouthEast Asia

3. Innovation in the Southeast Asia’s countries: inhomogeneous

4. Global Competitiveness Index: 3 pillars (1): Higher education and training; (2): Technological readiness; (3): Innovation Stage 3 (Innovation-driven): Singapore Stage 2 – Stage 3 (Transition): Malaysia Stage 2 (Efficient-driven): Indonesia, Thailand, Timor-Leste Stage 1 – Stage 2 (Transition): Brunei Darussalam, Philippines Stage 1 (Factor-driven): Cambodia, Lao PDR, Myamar, Vietnam Source: WEF Global Competitiveness Reports. The World Economic Forum (2008-09, 2009-10, 2010-11, 2011-12, 2012-13, 2013-14) September 18, 20154 IT human resource in the SouthEast Asia

5. R&D personnel (in full-time equivalents) The latest figures for some countries are quite old. The absolute numbers are likely to have changed significantly  Indonesia : the R&D workforce shrank by 9% from 2000-01  Singapore increased at average rates 9% (1999-2009),  Thailand increased 8% (1999-2007),  Malaysia increased 4% (2000-06), 22,287 R&D personnel (2008) [OECD13] OECD (2013). Innovation in Southeast Asia. OECD Reviews September 18, 20155 IT human resource in the SouthEast Asia

6. R&D personnel per thousand employment - Singapore is equivalent to the OECD average - Malaysia is closest to China’s - Other Southeast Asian are lower than those of China or Brazil [OECD13] -Vietnam plan to reach at level of 1.1 in 2020: the Resolution No 20- NQ/TW dated 31/10/2012 September 18, 20156 IT human resource in the SouthEast Asia

7. Scopus Articles: All fields Data source: http://www.scimagojr.com/countrysearch.php?country=VN (Dec. 06 2014)http://www.scimagojr.com/countrysearch.php?country=VN September 18, 20157 IT human resource in the SouthEast Asia

8. Scopus Articles: All fields The region is relatively specialised in ICT, biology and agriculture sciences (after the fields of engineering, enabling and strategic technologies, and environmental sciences) [OECD13] September 18, 20158 IT human resource in the SouthEast Asia

9. Scopus Articles: Computer Science Data source: http://www.scimagojr.com/countrysearch.php?country=VN (Dec. 06 2014)http://www.scimagojr.com/countrysearch.php?country=VN September 18, 20159 IT human resource in the SouthEast Asia

10. Some Remarks

11. Lack of qualified IT human resources Lack of qualified IT human resources is a big barrier to develop software and IT services industry [UN12] UN (2012). The Information Economy Report 2012 September 18, 201511 IT human resource in the SouthEast Asia

12. STEM & IT human resource on demand in US -STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics) workers play a key role in the sustained growth and stability of the U.S. economy, and are a critical component to helping the U.S. win the future [Langdon11], left. Two-thirds of the 4.7 million STEM workers has an undergraduate STEM degree, right. -STEM workers: 25.4 percent professional labor force. In 2003-2013, computer and mathematical-related occupations accounted for 98.7 percent of job growth in STEM occupations [DPE14], right. [Langdon11] David Langdon, George McKittrick, David Beede, Beethika Khan, and Mark Doms (2011). STEM: Good Jobs Now and for the Future, Reporing, Office of the Chief Economist, Economics and Statistics Administration, U.S. Department of Commerce. [DPE14] DPE Fact Sheet (2014). The STEM Workforce: An Occupational Overview. September 18, 201512 IT human resource in the SouthEast Asia

13. The Southeast Asia: Brain Drain -The Southeast Asia as “home countries” [Docquier12]  Highest stock: Philippines (2), Vietnam (9), Indonesia (30)  Highest rates in percent: Laos (5), Vietnam (16), Cambodia (23) The US as “a target country”  Foreign nationals contributed > 50% international patents filed by companies such as Qualcomm (QCOM) (72%), Merck (MRK) (65%), General Electric (GE) (64%), Siemens (SI) (63%), Cisco (CSCO) (60%). 41% U.S. government’s patents had foreign nationals listed as inventors. In 2006, 16.8% of international patent applications from the U.S. had inventors with Chinese names. [Wadhwa07]  Human talent, especially in science and engineering, is becoming ever more essential to national well-being, and no country has benefited more than the United States from the influx of talent from other countries [Wadhwa09]. [Docquier12] Docquier, Frédéric, and Hillel Rapoport (2012). Globalization, Brain Drain, and Development. Journal of Economic Literature, 50(3): 681-730. [Wadhwa07] Vivek Wadhwa (2007). The Reverse Brain Drain. Business Week, August 22, 2007. [Wadhwa09] VIVEK WADHWA (2009). Tapping Talent in a Global Economy: A Reverse Brain Drain. Tapping Talent in a Global Economy, Spring 2009. September 18, 201513 IT human resource in the SouthEast Asia

14. The Southeast Asia: Reverse Brain Drain -Korea's reverse brain drain (RBD) has been an organized government effort based on various policies & the political support of President Park Chung-Hee [Yoon92]. -India is a prime example of how Third World elites (former brain drain emigrants) may contribute to the development of their home country [Hunger04] (Information Technology). -Brain drain for home countries : remittances, temporary & return migration, human capital formation, and network/diaspora effects on trade, FDI flows, technology adoption, and home country institutions [Docquier12]. [Yoon92] Bang-Soon L. Yoon (1992). Reverse Brain Drain in South Korea: State-led Model. Studies in Comparative International Development, Spring 1992, Vol. 27, No. 1,4-26. [Hunger04] Uwe Hunger (2004). Brain Gain Hypothesis: Indian IT-Entrepreneurs. Journal of Comparative Policy Analysis, Vol. 6, No. 2, 99-109, August 2004. September 18, 201514 IT human resource in the SouthEast Asia

15. Some proposals -Asean Community: The spectacular economic success of Singapore and Malaysia (as same as Korea) certainly made them models to learn from for Cambodia, Laos, Myanma, Vietnam. It should reduce the distances between countries inside Asean. -Qualified human resources on STEM and IT: It is difficult to development the qualified IT human resources for factor-driven economies as Cambodia, Lao PDR, Myamar, Vietnam. There should be modern curriculums, textbooks, high-quality faculties, academic – industry cooperations in the teaching – learning and researching, AUN/ABET - Quality Assessment at Programme Level. International cooperation inside/outside the Asean Community. -Brain drain and reverse brain drain: organized government efforts based on various policies. For example in Vietnam: the Grant of “Overseas Talented Experts” (http://www.first-most.vn/en- US/overseas-talented-experts_t113c38).http://www.first-most.vn/en- US/overseas-talented-experts_t113c38 September 18, 201515 IT human resource in the SouthEast Asia

16. Thank you for attention ! September 18, 201516 IT human resource in the SouthEast Asia