1. Geology Concepts Mr. Clark BHS

2. Key Concepts  Major geologic processes  Minerals, rocks, and the rock cycle  Earthquakes and volcanoes  Plate Tectonics

3. Structure of the Earth

4. Features of the Crust and Upper Mantle

5. External Earth Processes  Erosion  Mechanical weathering  Frost wedging  Chemical weathering  Biological weathering

6. Natural Hazards: Earthquakes  Features  Magnitude  Aftershocks  Primary effects  Secondary effects

7. Expected Earthquake Damage Canada United States No damage expected Minimal damage Moderate damage Severe damage

8. Natural Hazards: Volcanic Eruptions extinct volcanoes extinct volcanoes magma reservoir central vent magma conduit Solid lithosphere Solid lithosphere Upwelling magma Partially molten asthenosphere

9. Minerals and Rocks  Mineral (diamond, quartz) Rock Types  Igneous (granite, basalt)  Sedimentary (limestone, sandstone)  Metamorphic (marble, slate)

10. Igneous Rock Granite, Pumice, Basalt Sedimentary Rock Shale, Sandstone, Limestone Metamorphic Rock Slate, Quartzite, Marble Magma (Molten Rock) Weathering Erosion Transport Deposition Heat, Pressure Heat, Pressure Heat, Pressure Heat, Pressure Rock Cycle

11. Oceanic crust (lithosphere) Abyssal hills Abyssal floor Oceanic ridge Trench Volcanoes Folded mountain belt Craton Mantle (lithosphere) Mantle (asthenosphere) Abyssal plain Continental crust (lithosphere) Mantle (lithosphere) Continental rise Continental slope Continental shelf Abyssal plain Abyssal floor

12. Tectonic plate Collision between two continents Oceanic tectonic plate Spreading center Oceanic tectonic plate Ocean trench Plate movement Continental crust Subduction zone Oceanic crust Oceanic crust Continental crust Mantle Inner core Hot outer core Two plates move towards each other. One is subducted back into the mantle on falling convection current. Mantle convection cell Hot material rising through the mantle Material cools as it reaches the outer mantle Cold dense material falls back through mantle

13. EURASIAN PLATE CHINA SUBPLATE PHILIPPINE PLATE INDIAN-AUSTRLIAN PLATE PACIFIC PLATE JUAN DE FUCA PLATE COCOS PLATE CARIBBEAN PLATE NORTH AMERICAN PLATE SOUTH AMERICAN PLATE EURASIAN PLATE ANATOLIAN PLATE ARABIAN PLATE AFRICAN PLATE SOMALIAN SUBPLATE Carlsberg Ridge Southwest Indian Ocean Ridge ANTARCTIC PLATE Transform fault East Pacific Rise Transform fault Mid- Indian Ocean Ridge Southeast Indian Ocean Ridge Mid- Atlantic Ocean Ridge Reykjanes Ridge Transform fault Divergent ( ) and transform fault ( ) boundaries Convergent plate boundaries Plate motion at convergent plate boundaries Plate motion at divergent plate boundaries

14. Click to view animation. Animation Plate margins interaction.

15. Lithosphere Asthenosphere Oceanic ridge at a divergent plate boundary Divergent Boundary

16. Lithosphere TrenchVolcanic island arc Asthenosphere Rising magma Subduction zone Trench and volcanic island arc at a convergent plate boundary Convergent Boundary

17. Fracture zone Transform fault Lithosphere Asthenosphere Transform fault connecting two divergent plate boundaries

18. Liquefaction of recent sediments causes buildings to sink Landslides may occur on hilly ground Shock waves Epicenter Focus Two adjoining plates move laterally along the fault line Earth movements cause flooding in low-lying areas

19. Canada United States No damage expected Minimal damage Moderate damage Severe damage

20. extinct volcanoes magma reservoir central vent magma conduit Solid lithosphere Upwelling magma Partially molten asthenosphere

21. Igneous Rock Granite, pumice, basalt Metamorphic Rock Slate, marble, quartzite Magma (molten rock) Heat, pressure, stress Heat, pressure Melting Sedimentary Rock Shale, sandstone, limestone Deposition Transportation Erosion Weathering

22. White clam Magma Black smoker Sulfide deposit White crab Tube worms White smoker

23. Geologic Time Scale  Because fossils appeared in a predictable order, one can use them as relative time markers.  What’s more you can define time periods based on certain fossils that were living at that time.  This enabled geologists to construct the Geologic Time Scale and name its periods based on the fossil record.

25. Plate Tectonics  Divergent boundary  Convergent boundary  Subduction zone  Transform fault

26. Earth’s Major Tectonic Plates

27. Plate Tectonics

28. Plate Tectonics: Fundamentals Evidence - plate tectonics unites many disparate observations Sea-floor spreading - the oceans widening is the mechanism that moves the continents

29. Plate Tectonics: Fundamentals Plate margins - convergent, divergent, transform Continental crust vs. oceanic crust The Earth’s interior: lithosphere, mantle, core

30. http://imiloa.wcc.hawaii.edu/krupp/BIOL101/present/lcture18/img009.jpg

31. Continental Drift Alfred Wegener (1880-1930)

32. Wegener’s version of continental drift (1912) Wegener was correct… but he had no mechanism.

33. Plate Tectonics - 1960s New data: –the age of the ocean floor –magnetic stripes

35. Magnetic Stripes and Seafloor Spreading

37. http://jove.geol.niu.edu/faculty/fischer/105_info/105_E_notes/lecture_notes/Plate_Tectonics/PT_images/magnetic_stripes_form.gif

38. Seafloor Spreading

39. How does seafloor spreading lead to continental breakup? http://www.ac.wwu.edu/~debari/406/figs/divergent.jpeg

40. Plate Margins

41. http://earth.geol.ksu.edu/sgao/g100/plots/1203_03_plate.jpg

44. Transform fault plate boundaries

45. Continental vs. Oceanic Crust

47. Oceanic vs. Continental Crust  Age:  OC = <180 m.y.a.  CC = 2-3 b.y.a.  Thickness:  OC = 5-7 kilometers thick  CC = 10-70 km

48. Oceanic vs. Continental Crust  Composition:  OC = basaltic  CC = granitic  Density:  OC = 3.0 grams per cubic centimeter  CC = 2.7 gm/cc

49. The Earth’s Interior

51. We know the Earth is layered because of seismic wave data!

52. The Earth’s interior Composition: –Crust – mafic / felsic –Mantle - ultramafic

53. The Earth’s interior: 2 bases for layering Viscosity/Velocity: –Lithosphere - rigid & non- flowable, 0-150km –Asthenosphere - soft & flowable, 150-400 km (  “upper mantle”) –Mantle - transition zone (400-670 km) - lower mantle (670-2900 km) –Core

54. Mantle Convection: the mechanism for plate tectonics?

56. Plate tectonics explains things, for example... Mountain belts The Hawaiian islands