1. Why “Big Oil” likes Ethanol as a fuel source:

2. 1. Ethanol Ethanol still releases greenhouse gases? – More than fossil fuels! – But they’re still better. Why? Net amount entering the atmosphere is actually less than fossil fuels… Oil Reserves

3. 2. Biodiesel Biodiesel Made from long chain fats and lipids in fatty plants (or animal fats) Made from long chain fats and lipids in fatty plants (or animal fats) Soybeans Soybeans Can be used in any mixture with fossil diesel Can be used in any mixture with fossil diesel Works the same way as standard diesel fuel in existing engines Works the same way as standard diesel fuel in existing engines – Not a new technology – What did the first diesel engine run on? – Peanut oil

4. Requires lots of fertilizer and pesticides and huge amounts of land Requires lots of fertilizer and pesticides and huge amounts of land Very energy intensive Very energy intensive Gels at cold temperatures in engines – requires simple modification of heating element in winter months Car may stink like food if you use recycled oil Still releases greenhouse gases Still releases greenhouse gases Drives up prices of food soy Drives up prices of food soy Can be free if you recycle used restaurant oil Exhaust emissions are reduced vs. ff Reduction of particulate (smoke) emissions by approximately 50% Higher flashpoint (150C) than petro diesel (70C) =safer to handle Runs in existing unmodified diesel engines (in most climates) Integrates with the existing fueling infrastructure Low-risk - simple to phase in and out of use Local renewable source of energy Improved Energy Security. Less dependence on fuels from mineral oils transported as a non-hazardous material Non-toxic. Biodegradable Sulfur free Pro’s Con’s

5. A Promising Alternative to Soy 2. Biodiesel boundless amounts of land A complete transition to biofuels could require boundless amounts of land if soy crops are used. Algal oil is similar to soybean oil but … Algae can be grown on lands unsuitable for food crops even grows in brackish water Can use barren, sunny desert land, to produce enough biodiesel to replace all transportation fuel the country currently utilizes algae farmers could utilize farm waste and excess carbon dioxide from factories to help speed the growth of the algae.

6. algae offers the highest yield feedstock for biodiesels oil-per-acre production rate 250 times the amount of soybeans. Can use vertical farms with zero runoff to fertilize the microalgae and reduce the amount of land needed

7. 2. Biodiesel

8. Tiny simple molecules natural gas Replaces natural gas clean burning Very clean burning! greenhouse gas – Least amount of greenhouse gas emissions acid rain contributors – Least amount of acid rain contributors No proteins, so no sulfur No fats so no phosphates Result from decomposition of organic matter gasifiers In landfills, gasifiers can capture methane produced by organic decomposition 3. Biomass Gasification

9. Weighing Alternatives to Fossil Fuels 40% of Greenhouse gases come from combustion of fossil fuels in Cars Acid Rain Oil Spills and natural disasters National Security and Oil

10. Fuel cell splits hydrogen (H 2 ) molecules Releases small burst of energy Combines with oxygen (O 2 ) in the atmosphere to create water (H 2 O) 6 H 2 + 3 O 2  6 H 2 O + ENERGY

11. Hydrogen Fuel Cells Maintain the same infrastructure as fossil fuels Must be processed and shipped and cars go to gas stations to fill up Requires tremendous amount of energy to split the dihydrogen molecule Fuel cells are extremely heavy and extremely expensive

12. Hybrid vs. Electric There’s a LOT of confusion surrounding hybrid technology Three basic types: 1.Gas-First Hybrid 2.Electric -First Hybrid (Plug –in) 3.Electric Only Chevy Volt Plug-In Toyota Prius Hybrid

13. TypeHow it WorksPro’sCon’s Gas Powered Car fuel tank, which supplies gasoline to the engine. The engine then turns a transmission, which turns the wheels. gasoline transmission Common Relatively fast (high potential energy in fuel) Expensive to maintain (lots of heat and friction Gas-First Hybrid Runs on gasoline, but at sustained speeds, it kicks over to the electric motor. Great for long commutes on highways increase gas mileage reduce the emissions Overcomes limitations of electric car Electric motor doesn’t always kick in Electric set of batteries that provides electricity to an electric motor. The motor turns a transmission, and the transmission turns the wheels.batterieselectric motor produces almost no pollution Little maintenance, no oil changes needed can only go 50 - 100 miles between charges. very slow inconvenient to recharge (few stations) VERY EXPENSIVE to buy and install Greenness depends on how the electricity was produced to begin with Electric – First Hybrid electric motor on a hybrid car can put energy into the batteries as well as draw energy from them When it runs out of electricity, it then kicks over to gasoline No gasoline at all during short commutes Can fill up in your own garage Highest fuel efficiency Must install charging station Very few public charging stations Where does electricity come from????

14. Can extend useable life of gasoline New technology- may need to work out the bugs and train mechanics to work on new systems Whether they are green or not depends on the original energy source (may still be generated using fossil fuels or nuclear) Good in places with renewable energy, close to hydroelectric dam or geothermal power station Low maintenance /cost of ownership (no oil changes on full electric motors) Relatively expensive to purchase vs. gas or flexfuel car takes a long time (over 10 years at current gas prices) to “recoup” money in gas savings http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MZVSQ3bvI10

15. Who Killed the Electric Car?