1. An Idealized Numerical Simulation of Meso-  -scale Low on the Baiu Front Hirotaka Tagami 1, Hiroshi Niino 2 1: Advance Soft corporation 2:Ocean Research Institute, Univ of Tokyo 1:Introduction and Purpose 2:Setting 3:Result 4:Conclusion

2. An example of Meso-  -Low (MAL) MAL on the Baiu Front (BF) often causes torrential rain in the Baiu season. 18UTC 4th July 2005 GMS IR imageWeather map ●Only a few hPa lower than the environment. ●Active Cloud Cluster accompanies.

3. Past studies on the structure and dynamics of MAL 0 500km 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 Vertical structure with sonde data Yoshizumi (1977) Shade; potential temperature anomaly (θ’) (blue; negative, red; positive) Contour; geopotential anomaly l Cold air to the east of trough l Trough tilts eastward with height (Ninomiya and Akiyama,1971, Akiyama1990b) l Warm core above the low l Meridionally different  Vertical structure Theoretical study for vertical structure Adiabatic cooling associated with updraft enforced by diabatic heating (Yanase and Niino, 2004)

4. Problems Analytical Study: Mechanism of 3-dimensional structure Developing process (Energy budget). The environment of MALs is different from case to case. Theoretical Study: Meridionally uniform environment Crudely parameterized convective heating Non-linear effects Purposes  Obtainment of realistic environment for the BF  Idealized numerical simulation without cumulus convective parameterization  General structure and developing process  (Sensitivity to the baroclinicity)

5. Model and Setting The anelastic equation system (for energy budget analysis) of Meteorological Research Institute / Numerical Prediction Division Non-Hydrostatic Model (Saito et al. 2000; NHM) is modified. Zonal BC ： cyclic Meridional and Vertical BC ： free slip 500x500x36 （ dx=dy=5km,dz=500m) Cloud Physic ： Cold rain scheme (Lin et al. 1983) No cumulus convective parameterization Newtonian cooling (e-folding time = 5hour) is applied to the deviation of zonal mean of u,v,w, θ. f-plane at 32.5 ゜ N Anomaly : deviation from zonal mean. Horizontal smoothing over 100km square is applied to the model result.

6. Design of Environment Field 726 cases distinct BF are selected between 1958 and 2002 8-day low-pass filter Superposed while keeping the south edge of BF Geostrophic zonal wind Distribution at 125°E is given uniformly in the x- direction q v is modified with modification of RH (≦95%) Thermal wind valanced weak vortex （ diameter :1000km height : 6km, max velocity : 2m/s ） km Meridionally vertical section of Basic Field for control run (CNTL) Temperature (contour; every 5K), zonal wind(larger than 10m/s, shadowed every 5m/s) Relative Humidity[%] y z ↑: south edge of BF

7. Result of CNTL vertical integration of condensational water [10 -1 g] & surface pressure [hPa] (2hPa) GMS IR image 00UTC 21 June 2001 & SLP of RANAL ·Round shaped Cloud Cluster appears in SE quadrant ·Cloud zone such as cold front (trailing portion, Ninomiya et al. 1988)

8. Horizontal Structure u’ and v’ & updraft (shaded) at T=60hr x y z=1km In the low-level ; Horizontal trough is oriented in SW-NE at north side of the LLJ. Barotropic energy conversion can occur. [km] [m/h] [m/s] Center of LLJ

9. Vertical Structure Pressure trough tilts eastward Cold anomaly to the east T=60hour の at the center [km] x z T=60hour の 150km north from the center contour ： P’(every 0.2hPa), shadow ： positive  ’[K] (meridionally averaged over 100km through the center) slightly or westward tilting of the trough Meridionally different vertical structure

10. Heat Budget Analysis around MAL Distribution of each terms, averaged 25-30hr Interval is each 0.1K/hr in (a) ～ (d), 0.5K/hr in (e) 、 (f) x=0 : Center of Low Negative tendency Cold area is induced by sum of adiabatic cooling and latent heat. Cold area depends on the adiabatic cooling. Condensational heating induces warm core at middle- or upper-level →updraft is enforced x z (a)tendency (b)zonal advection ( c ) meridional advection(d) (e) + (f) (e)vertical advection(f)condensational heating

11. Developing Process -energy budget- Energy Diagram between 50 and 60hr. Normalized with EKE. Dimension is [10 -6 s -1 ]. Mean Available Potential Energy Eddy Available Potential Energy (EPE) Mean Kinetic Energty Eddy Kinetic Energy (EKE) Condensational heating lK→K’ is mainly barotropic conversion, and about 1/4 of the increase of K’, Developing mainly depends on P’→K’ P’ mainly depends on Q, and P→P’ is much small. Loading with precipitation

12. Conclusion Several observational features is well reproduced under an idealized environment without cumulus parameterization. (warm core, shape of cloud cluster, trailing portion) A vertical trough of MAL tilts eastward with heihgt, because adiabatic cooling induces cold area in low-level to the east of low. The vertical structure is meridionally different. (Because of the difference of contribution of adiabatic cooling.) The development mainly depends on EPE induced by condensational heating.

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15. Vertical Structure Pressure trough tilts eastward Cold anomaly to the east T=60hour の at the center [km] x z T=60hour の 150km north from the center contour ： P’(every 0.2hPa), shadow ： positive  ’[K] (meridionally averaged over 100km through the center) slightly or westward tilting of the trough Meridionally different vertical structure [km] contour ： P’(every 0.05hPa), shadow ： positive  ’[K] When condensation is not concidered, Vertical trough tilts westward with height.

16. Developing Process -energy budget- Tendency of EKE averagedover whole region [hour] [J m -3 ] Energy Diagram between 50 and 60hr. Normalized with TKE. Dimension is [10 -6 s -1 ]. Mean Available Potential Energy Eddy Available Potential Energy (EPE) Mean Kinetic Energty Eddy Kinetic Energy (EKE) Condensational heating lK→K’ is mainly barotropic conversion, and about 1/4 of the increase of K’, Developing mainly depends on P’→K’ P’ mainly depends on Q, and P→P’ is much small. Loading with precipitation

17. Sensitivity to the Baroclinicity CNTL B15 Environment: ●Baroclinicity is as same as 1.5 times of one of CNTL ●q v becomes small amount in north side ●Wind velocity becomes large Environmental U and T of CNTL and B15

18. Overview CNTL B15 Vertical integration of condensational water [10 -1 g] and SLP[hPa] at 70hr. ●Cloud Cluster exists to the east of low. x y

19. Horizontal Structure u’,v’ and w at z=3km at 60hr. CNTL B15 [m/h] [m/s] [m/h] [m/s] ●Horizontal structure changed Because of vertical shear becomes strong. Center of Jet

20. Vertical Structure P’ (contour, 0.2hPa) and positive θ’(shadowed) at 70hr B15 ●Vertical trough still tilts eastward with increasing height Y [km] Z [km] CNTL

21. Energetics Budget of Eddy Kinetic Energy : E k =ρ 0 (u’ 2 +v’ 2 +w’ 2 )/2, E p =αθ’ 2 /2 V : velocity (vector), p:pressure, Cs : sound velocity, Q : condensational heating q : condensational water E k : Eddy Kinetic Energy, E p : Eddy Available Potential Energy res: residual terms 、 diff : diffusion [K,K’]z [K,K’]y [P’,K’] dissipation [P,P’][K’,P’] ( ￣ ): zonal mean, ( )’ : deviation from zonal mean Budget of Eddy Available Potential Energy : [Q,P’] redistributio

22. Difference of Developing Process Tendency of EKE[J m -3 ] averaged over whole region Developing rate becomes small because q v becomes small amount ●mainly depends on Q ●Contribution of Q becomes weak ●Effect of Basic Field becomes strong CNTLB15 Energy Diagram between 50-60hour

23. Mechanism of Trailing Portion 1 Mixing ratio of water vapor [g/kg] at z=0.5km dry air advection from above large gradient of q v

24. Mechanism of Trailing Portion 2 Each Terms of Front Genesis at 19hr (a)Condensation (b)Divergence (c)Deformation (d)Tilting Term Deformation and Tilting are much strong!! Mechanism: 1:dry air advection from above with down draft 2:deformation and tilting strengthen