1. INVESTIGATING THE WORLD The Nature of Geography Year 8 Global Geography : 4G1 Term 1

2. WHAT IS GEOGRAPHY? Show Geography Matters clip

3. THE NATURE OF GEOGRAPHY Geography is concerned with where people and places are located and the patterns of features on the Earth’s surface. By studying Geography we can become active and informed citizens and do something to help protect our future

4. Ecological dimension how humans interact with environments Spatial dimension the physical aspects of where things are and why they are there Geography involves two key dimensions:

5. LINGO LIST

6. KEY DEFINITIONS Key WordDefinition Cartographer Citizen Condensation Contour Ecosystem

7. KEY DEFINITIONS Key WordDefinition CartographerA specialised geographer who draws maps Citizena person who is part of a society with the right to protection from it and the responsibility of loyalty to it Condensationthe process by which water vapour turns to liquid Contoura line on a map joining places of equal height Ecosystema community of organisms interacting with one another and with the environment in which they live

8. KEY DEFINITIONS CONT. Key WordDefinition environment evaporation human features Isobar nutrient

9. KEY DEFINITIONS CONT. Key WordDefinition environmentThe total surroundings evaporationthe process by which water turns from liquid to vapour human featuresareas of the Earth's surface that have been built or changed by humans Isobara line on a synoptic chart joining places of equal air pressure nutrientA source of nourishment

10. KEY DEFINITIONS CONT. Key WordDefinition physical features precipitation relative humidity settlement temperature

11. KEY DEFINITIONS CONT. Key WordDefinition physical featuresareas of the Earth’s surface that are naturally occurring or have been largely unaltered by humans precipitationany form of water falling to the Earth’s surface including rain, hail and snow relative humiditythe amount of moisture in the air compared to the amount it could hold settlementA place where people live temperaturea measure of the amount of heat energy

12. ENVIRONMENT CLASSIFICATIONS

13. WE CLASSIFY OUR ENVIRONMENT INTO 2 FEATURES: Human features are those that are man made Examples of human features include houses, schools, roads, railways, shopping centres and buildings. Physical features are those that occur naturally Examples include the weather, air, plants (flora), animals (fauna), rocks and soil, as well as the water in rivers, lakes and seas, and the sun (heat and light) PhysicalHuman Geographers examine environments and are interested in the relationships between physical and human features.

14. ACTIVITY 1 Research famous human and physical features such as Angel Falls, Grand Canyon, Mount Rushmore, The Great Wall of China.

15. PHYSICAL ELEMENTS OF THE ENVIRONMENT

16. ECOSYSTEMS living Living things, such as plants and animals are called biotic non living. Non-living things, such as water, rocks and soil are called abiotic The way in which physical elements interact in a particular environment.

17. QUICK REVIEW Is the following biotic or abiotic? 1.A tree 2.A river 3.An insect 4.Grass 5.Snow 6.A rock 7.A dog 8.Soil

19. PHYSICAL ELEMENTS OF THE ENVIRONMENT

20. 1. THE ENERGY FLOW Plants capture about 1% of the solar energy that reaches the Earth from the Sun. Through the process of photosynthesis plants convert this energy into carbohydrates that are a food source for their growth and the animals that eat them In an ecosystem: the source of energy is the Sun energy is stored in the plants and animals, the biotic part energy is used for growth and generates heat

21. 2. THE WATER CYCLE Water is essential for life and flows through all ecosystems. When heated by the Sun, water evaporates, turning into water vapour. If water vapour rises it cools and condenses forming clouds. Precipitation falls from the clouds and the water either soaks into the ground or flows over the surface back in to rivers In the water cycle (also known as the hydrological cycle): clouds are made of water droplets rain, sleet, snow and hail are all types of precipitation transpiration is water loss from plants

22. 3. THE NUTRIENT CYCLE Plants gain the water and nutrients they need for growth from the soil. The nutrients then pass along a food chain as plants are eaten by animals and they, in turn, are eaten by other animals. Eventually the plants and animals die, and the nutrients are returned to the soil by the decomposers. In the nutrient cycle: the plants are the producers animals that eat plants are called herbivores animals that eat animals are called carnivores

24. HUMAN ELEMENTS OF THE ENVIRONMENT

25. OVERVIEW There are very few environments left in the world that are completely natural. In most places humans have had some influence on the landscape. Land has been cleared for agriculture, rivers have been dammed to provide water. Industries have been developed to process raw materials and people have created settlements in which to live.

26. AGRICULTURE Agriculture involves human activities that shape the landscape. In some parts of the world the natural environment has been significantly changed by farming practices. Patterns created by agriculture vary from patchworks of tiny fields typical of subsistence farming in Asia to the featureless expanses created by modern commercial grain farming in North America.

27. SETTLEMENTS Settlements are where people live They range in size from isolated farmhouses with one or two people to huge world cities, such as Tokyo with a population over 35 million. The buildings that people construct within settlements often reflect their culture as well as the physical environment.

28. INDUSTRY The production of goods Factors affecting location of industry include: Capital (money available) Labour (people to work) Market (need for the product)

29. HUMAN ELEMENTS OF THE ENVIRONMENT Industry Modern high-tech industries are more concerned with access to their markets and reducing labour costs Modern business parks exist today and factories have moved from richer to poorer countries to reduce their costs

30. PHYSICAL OR HUMAN?