1. McGraw-Hill© 2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.McGraw-Hill© 2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 6 - 1 Chapter 6 International Management

2. McGraw-Hill© 2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.McGraw-Hill© 2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 6 - 2 Learning Objectives After studying Chapter 6, you will know: why the world economy is becoming more integrated than ever before what integration of the global economy means for individual companies and for their managers the strategies organizations use to compete in the global marketplace the various entry modes organizations use to enter overseas markets

3. McGraw-Hill© 2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.McGraw-Hill© 2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 6 - 3 Learning Objectives (cont.) After studying Chapter 6, you will know: how companies can approach the task of staffing overseas operations the skills and knowledge managers need to manage globally why cultural differences across countries influence management

4. McGraw-Hill© 2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.McGraw-Hill© 2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 6 - 4 The Global Environment Global environment becoming more integrated than ever before World Trade Organization (WTO) rules apply to over 90 percent of international trade has 144 member nations, including China moved from reducing tariffs to eliminating nontariff barriers International Monetary Fund (IMF) established by the United Nations has 184 member countries

5. McGraw-Hill© 2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.McGraw-Hill© 2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 6 - 5 The Global Environment (cont.) European unification European Union (EU) allows goods, services, capital, and human resources to flow freely across national borders goal is to strengthen Europe as an economic superpower Maastrict Treaty agreement to adopt a common European currency Euro impact of EU is hard to predict “Fortress Europe” may restrict trade with countries outside of the EU

6. McGraw-Hill© 2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.McGraw-Hill© 2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 6 - 6 The Global Environment (cont.) Pacific Rim important economic players include Japan and China four tigers - Korea, Taiwan, Singapore, and Hong Kong Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) trying to: reduce trade barriers establish general rules for investment develop policies that encourage foreign investment holds promise in facilitating and strengthening international business relationships member countries represent 40 percent of the world’s population and 50 percent of the world’s economic output

7. McGraw-Hill© 2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.McGraw-Hill© 2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 6 - 7 The Global Environment (cont.) North America North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) an economic pact that combined the economies of the U.S., Canada, and Mexico constitutes the world’s largest trading bloc provides access to previously protected markets in each country Mexico will have to bolster its infrastructure and take care of troubling environmental issues Border Environment Cooperation Commission (BECC) - addresses environmental concerns of communities on the border

8. McGraw-Hill© 2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.McGraw-Hill© 2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 6 - 8 The Global Environment (cont.) Rest of the world globalization has left out three huge, high-potential regions Middle East Africa Latin America these regions have a major share of the earth’s natural resources

9. McGraw-Hill© 2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.McGraw-Hill© 2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 6 - 9 Consequences Of A Global Economy Four consequences of the global economy the volume of world trade has grown at a faster rate than the volume of world output experts forecast increased competition as trade is liberalized foreign direct investment (FDI) is increasingly important major investments have been among the U.S., Europe, and Japan imports are penetrating deeper in to the world’s largest economies result of a trend toward the manufacture of component parts companies around the world find their home markets under attack from foreign competition

10. McGraw-Hill© 2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.McGraw-Hill© 2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 6 - 10 All countries Canada Europe Latin America and Other Western Hemisphere Africa Middle East Asia and Pacific $1,381,674 139,031 725,793 269,556 15,872 12,643 216,501 United States investment abroad Foreign direct Investment in U.S. $1,321,063 108,600 946,758 58,881 3,264 6,039 197,522 U.S. And Foreign Direct Investments, In Millions of Dollars (2001)

11. McGraw-Hill© 2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.McGraw-Hill© 2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 6 - 11 Consequences Of A Global Economy (cont.) Meaning of these consequences for managers opportunities are greater - movement toward free trade has opened up many formerly protected markets the environment is more complex - challenge of doing business in countries with different cultures have to coordinate globally dispersed operations the environment is more competitive - must deal with cost- efficient overseas competitors in addition to domestic competition an increasing number of medium-size and small firms also engage in international trade

12. McGraw-Hill© 2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.McGraw-Hill© 2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 6 - 12 Global Strategy Pressures for global integration universal needs - consumer tastes in different countries are similar with regard to certain types of products create strong pressures for a global strategy pressures to reduce costs - impetus for global integration of manufacturing key international competitors located where factor costs are low global strategic coordination - response to global competitive threats centralize decisions regarding the competitive strategies of foreign subsidiaries

13. McGraw-Hill© 2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.McGraw-Hill© 2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 6 - 13 Global Strategy (cont.) Pressures for local responsiveness consumer tastes and preferences differ significantly among countries requires customized product and/or marketing messages differences in traditional practices among countries differences in distribution channels and sales practices among countries economic and political demands imposed by the host government

14. McGraw-Hill© 2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.McGraw-Hill© 2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 6 - 14 Transnational Specialized facilities permit local responsiveness. Complex coordination mechanisms provide global integration. Global Views the world as a single market. Operations are controlled centrally from the corporate office. LowHigh Pressures for local responsiveness Low High Pressures for global integration Organizational Models International Uses existing capabilities to expand into foreign markets. Multinational Several subsidiaries operating as stand-alone business units in multiple countries.

15. McGraw-Hill© 2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.McGraw-Hill© 2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 6 - 15 Global Strategy (cont.) Choosing a global strategy international model - helps companies exploit their existing core capabilities to expand into foreign markets – low local responsiveness and low global integration uses subsidiaries in each country ultimate control exercised by the parent company core functions are centralized in the parent company advantage - facilitates the transfer of skills and know-how from the parent company to the subsidiaries disadvantages does not provide maximum latitude for responding to local conditions does not provide the opportunity to achieve a low-cost position by means of scale economies

16. McGraw-Hill© 2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.McGraw-Hill© 2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 6 - 16 Global Strategy (cont.) Choosing a global strategy (cont.) multinational model - uses subsidiaries with substantial discretion to respond to local conditions with ultimate control exercised by the parent company – high local responsiveness and low global integration each subsidiary is a self-contained unit each subsidiary can customize its products and strategies advantage - less need for coordination and direction from corporate headquarters disadvantages higher manufacturing costs duplication of effort cannot realize scale economies difficult to launch coordinated global attacks against competitors

17. McGraw-Hill© 2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.McGraw-Hill© 2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 6 - 17 Global Strategy (cont.) Choosing a global strategy (cont.) global model - enables a company to market a standardized product in the global marketplace – high global integration product manufactured in locations where mix of costs and skills is most favorable characterized by centralized decision making and tight control by the parent company over most aspects of worldwide operations companies tend to become the low-cost players in any industry advantage - often able to realize scale economies disadvantages less responsive to consumer demands in different countries requires increased coordination, paperwork, and staff

18. McGraw-Hill© 2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.McGraw-Hill© 2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 6 - 18 Global Strategy (cont.) Choosing a global strategy (cont.) transnational model - centralization of certain functions in locations that best achieve cost economies base other functions in national subsidiaries to facilitate greater local responsiveness major components may be manufactured in centralized production plants to realize scale economies and then shipped to local plants local plants finish product assembly to fit local needs fosters communications among subsidiaries by requiring: formal mechanisms such as transnational committees transfers of managers among subsidiaries headquarters must play a proactive role in coordinating activities

19. McGraw-Hill© 2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.McGraw-Hill© 2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 6 - 19 Entry Mode Exporting most manufacturing companies begin global expansion as exporters advantages realize scale economies consistent with a pure global strategy disadvantages manufacturing costs in home country may exceed those in lower- cost locations high transportation costs threat of tariff barriers

20. McGraw-Hill© 2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.McGraw-Hill© 2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 6 - 20 Entry Mode (cont.) Licensing foreign licensee buys rights to manufacture a company’s product in its own country for a negotiated fee licensee provides most of the capital to start the overseas operation advantage - avoid the costs and risks of opening an overseas market disadvantage - may lose control of technological expertise to the overseas company

21. McGraw-Hill© 2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.McGraw-Hill© 2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 6 - 21 Franchising similar to licensing used primarily by service companies – often food (McDonalds, Subway, KFC, etc.) company sells limited rights to use its brand name receives a lump-sum payment and share of the franchisee’s profits franchisee must abide by strict business rules established by franchisor advantage - similar to that of licensing, but often includes training, facilities, standardization, disadvantage - quality control may suffer Entry Mode (cont.)

22. McGraw-Hill© 2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.McGraw-Hill© 2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 6 - 22 Entry Mode (cont.) Joint ventures formal business agreement with a foreign company advantages local partner’s knowledge of local business conditions sharing of development costs and risks local laws may make this the only feasible entry mode disadvantages loss of control over technology shared ownership means potential loss of control over subsidiaries

23. McGraw-Hill© 2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.McGraw-Hill© 2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 6 - 23 Entry Mode (cont.) Wholly owned subsidiaries an independent company owned by the parent corporation advantages maintain control of technology when competitive advantage is based on technology retain tight control over foreign operations disadvantages most costly entry mode must bear the entire risk of establishing a foreign operation

24. McGraw-Hill© 2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.McGraw-Hill© 2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 6 - 24 ExportingLicensingFranchising Joint Venture Wholly owned subsidiary Loss of control over technology Loss of control over quality Loss of control over technology Conflict between partners High cost High risk No low-cost sites High trans- portation costs Tariff barriers Disadvantages Maintains control over technology Maintains control over operations Local knowledge Shared costs and risks May be the only option Lower development costs Lower political risk Lower development costs Lower political risk Scale economies Consistent with pure global strategy Advantages Comparison Of Entry Modes

25. McGraw-Hill© 2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.McGraw-Hill© 2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 6 - 25 Automobile Companies Ford – Astin-Martin, Jaguar, Land Rover, Mazda, Volvo Chrysler – Mercedes-Benz, Jeep, (Mitsubishi), GM – Fiat, Hummer, Isuzu, Opel, Saab, Subaru, Suzuki, (Toyota)

26. McGraw-Hill© 2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.McGraw-Hill© 2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 6 - 26 Example of Globalized Production Of the $20,000 sticker price of a General Motors Automobile LeMans: $6,000 goes to South Korea, where assembled $3,000 goes to Japan for sophisticated high-tech parts (engines, transaxles, electronics) $800 goes to Taiwan, Singapore, and Japan for small parts $500 goes to Great Britain for advertising and marketing services $1,000 goes to Ireland for data processing $7,600 goes to GM and its external professional firms in the United States McGraw-Hill© 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

27. McGraw-Hill© 2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.McGraw-Hill© 2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 6 - 27 Managing Across Borders A foreign subsidiary may be staffed with: expatriates - parent-company nationals who are sent to work in a foreign subsidiary working internationally can be very stressful host-country nationals - natives of the country where an overseas subsidiary is located over time, reliance increases on host-country nationals available, familiar with the local culture, and tend to cost less local governments may provide incentives for hiring them third-country nationals - natives of a country other than the home country or the host country of an overseas subsidiary can soften political tensions between host and local country

28. McGraw-Hill© 2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.McGraw-Hill© 2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 6 - 28 Managing Across Borders (cont.) Skills of the global manager shortage of U.S. managers equipped to run a global business failure rate - percent of expatriate managers that come home early causes for failure include: technical capability personal and social issues spouse’s inability to adjust to new surroundings adjustment requires flexibility, emotional stability, empathy for the culture, communication skills unusual for women to be sent on foreign assignments success rate higher for women than men

29. McGraw-Hill© 2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.McGraw-Hill© 2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 6 - 29 How To Prevent Failed Assignments Structure assignments clearly Create clear job objectives Develop performance measurements based on objectives Use effective, validated selection and screening criteria Prepare expatriates and families for assignments Create a vehicle for ongoing communication with expatriates Anticipate repatriation to facilitate reentry when they come back home Develop a mentor program

30. McGraw-Hill© 2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.McGraw-Hill© 2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 6 - 30 Managing Across Borders (cont.) Understanding cultural issues represents the most elusive aspect of international business due to obliviousness to our own cultural conditioning culture shock - the disorientation and stress associated with being in a foreign environment Geert Hofstede - four dimensions along which cultures differ power distance uncertainty avoidance individualism/collectivism masculinity/femininity

31. McGraw-Hill© 2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.McGraw-Hill© 2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 6 - 31 Hofstede’s Framework  Power Distance Degree to which influence/control are unequally distributed among individuals within a particular culture  Uncertainty Avoidance Degree to which members of a society attempt to avoid ambiguity, risk, and indefiniteness of future  Individualism / Collectivism Extent to which society expects people to take care of themselves and their immediate families The degree to which individuals believe they are masters of their own destiny 3.5

32. McGraw-Hill© 2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.McGraw-Hill© 2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 6 - 32 Hofstede’s Framework (cont.) Tendency of group members to focus on the common welfare and feel loyalty toward one another  Masculinity/Femininity Degree to which acquisition of money and material things is valued versus quality of life 3.6

33. McGraw-Hill© 2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.McGraw-Hill© 2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 6 - 33 POWER DISTANCE HIGH – Malaysia, Mexico, Venezuela, Arab Countries, India, Singapore MODERATE – Thailand, Portugal, Greece, South Korea, Taiwan, Spain, Japan LOW – United States (38/53), Finland, Norway, Sweden, New Zealand, Denmark

34. McGraw-Hill© 2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.McGraw-Hill© 2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 6 - 34 UNCERTAINTY AVOIDANCE HIGH – Greece, Portugal, Belgium, Japan, Peru, France MODERATE – Taiwan, Arab Countries, Thailand, Iran, Finland LOW – United States (43/53), India, Great Britain, Sweden

35. McGraw-Hill© 2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.McGraw-Hill© 2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 6 - 35 INDIVIDUALISM /COLLECTIVISM HIGH – United States (1/53), Australia, Great Britain, New Zealand, Denmark, Sweden, France MODERATE – Japan, Iran, Brazil, Arab Countries, Greece LOW – Columbia, Venezuela, Panama, Guatamala

36. McGraw-Hill© 2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.McGraw-Hill© 2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 6 - 36 MASCULINITY/FEMININITY HIGH (Masculinity) – Japan, Austria, Venezuela, Italy, Mexico, United States (15/53) MODERATE – Canada, Malaysia, Pakistan, Brazil, Singapore, Israel LOW (Femininity)– Denmark, Netherlands, Norway, Sweden

37. McGraw-Hill© 2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.McGraw-Hill© 2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 6 - 37 INDIVIDUALISM-COLLECTIVISM Please indicate you level of agreement or disagreement with each of the following statements using the following scale: Strongly Disagree Neither Disagree nor Agree Strongly Agree ` 1 2 3 4 5 6 _____ 1. I would rather struggle through a personal problem by myself than discuss it with my friends. _____ 2. I do my own things without minding about my colleagues/co-workers, when I am among them. ______3. I like to live close to my close friends. ______4. I would pay absolutely no attention to my close friends’ views when deciding what kind of work to do.

38. McGraw-Hill© 2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.McGraw-Hill© 2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 6 - 38 ______5. We ought to develop the character of independence among students, so that they do not rely upon other students’ help in their schoolwork. ______6. It is a personal matter whether I worship money or not. Therefore, it is not necessary for my friends to give my counsel. ______7. There is everything to gain and nothing to lose for classmates to group themselves together for study and discussion. ______8. Classmates’ assistance is indispensable to getting a good grade at school. ______9. If you work, and you have to choose between (A) getting along very well with your co-workers, and (B) being very competent and efficient in doing the job, what combination of the two aspects would you like best? (Use the scale below to make your response for this question.) 1 = 100% A2 = 80% A, 20%B3 = 60% A, 40%B 4 = 40% A, 60%B5 = 20% A, 80%B6 = 100% B

39. McGraw-Hill© 2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.McGraw-Hill© 2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 6 - 39 _____10. Man is a social animal; he cannot flourish and grow without identifying himself with some group. _____11. Some of life’s greatest satisfactions are found in working cooperatively with others. _____12. Individuals do not really fulfill their human potentials unless they involve themselves deeply in some group. _____13. It is often more gratifying to work for the accomplishment of a goal held by a group to which one belongs than to work for the attainment of a purely personal goal. _____14. In life an individual should for the most part “go it alone’ assuring oneself of privacy, having time to oneself, attempting to resist being influenced by others. _____15. It is just as important to work toward group goals and adhere to the established rules of the group as it is to gratify one’s individual desires.

40. McGraw-Hill© 2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.McGraw-Hill© 2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 6 - 40 COLLECTIVISM SCORING ITEMS 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 9, AND 14 ARE REVERSED SCORED 6 = 1 5 = 2 4 = 3 3 = 4 2 = 5 1 = 6

41. McGraw-Hill© 2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.McGraw-Hill© 2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 6 - 41 CULTURAL VALUES Variable United States Taiwan Collectivism 57.72 66.78 Femininity4.47 4.77 Masculinity4.95 4.65 Power Distance2.19 1.98 Uncertainty Avoidance 3.18 3.56

42. McGraw-Hill© 2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.McGraw-Hill© 2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 6 - 42 Managing Across Borders (cont.) Ethical issues in international management issues of right and wrong get blurred as we move from one culture to another for example, bribes accepted part of business in some countries U.S. - Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (1977) - prohibits U.S. employees from making payments to foreign officials codes of conduct for international business define permissible actions provide procedures and support systems to deal with ambiguous situations core values exist that are embraced by most nationalities

43. McGraw-Hill© 2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.McGraw-Hill© 2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 6 - 43 SIGNS FROM DIFFERENT COUNTRIES Paris hotel: Please leave your values at front desk Japanese hotel: You are invited to take advantage of the chambermaid Norwegian bar: Ladies are requested to not have children in the bar Russian sign: You are welcome to visit the cemetary where famous Russian composers, artists and writers are buried daily Menu in Taiwan: Green people with beef fried rice