1. Renaissance and Reformation Section 1

2. Renaissance and Reformation Section 1 The Renaissance: an introduction - YouTubeThe Renaissance: an introduction - YouTube

3. Renaissance and Reformation Section 1 Click the icon to play Listen to History audio. Click the icon below to connect to the Interactive Maps.

4. Renaissance and Reformation Section 1 Main Idea In Italy the growth of wealthy trading cities and new ways of thinking helped lead to a rebirth of the arts and learning. This era became known as the Renaissance. The Italian Renaissance Changes in Society Decreased population-why? Surplus agriculture-why? So what is the result? City-states emerge Specialized areas-England,wool; Germany,wheat

5. Renaissance and Reformation Section 1 Michelangelo’s painting was different from the art of the Middle Ages, and only one way in which European society began changing after the 1300s. Changes in Society The Beginning of the Renaissance 1300, Black Death, starvation, warfare Catastrophic events, enormous loss of life Decrease in population led to: –Increase in food production –Decline in food prices –More money to spend –Specialization in products Urban areas specialized, particularly in Italy Italy divided into several large city-states in north, various kingdoms, Papal States south Catholic Church, nobles, merchants, artisans dominated society in city-states Many sought to display new wealth with knowledge of arts

6. Renaissance and Reformation Section 1 Milan, Florence Milan, west of Venice, based economy on agriculture, silk, weapons Florence, to south, famous for banking, cloth Merchants refined raw wool into fine cloth Venice access to sea, Venice built economy, reputation on trade Shipbuilding prospered Wealthy Venetian merchants built unique city, “work of art”

7. Renaissance and Reformation Section 1 Find the Main Idea How did society and cities change in the 1300s?

8. Renaissance and Reformation Section 1 As the economy and society changed, new ideas began to appear. This period of interest and developments in art, literature, science and learning is known as the Renaissance, French for “rebirth.” Italians who could read looked for more information Searched libraries, found lost texts New World of Ideas As they read, began to think about philosophy, art, science in different ways Began to believe in human capacity to create, achieve Different Viewpoints Renaissance Ideas

9. Renaissance and Reformation Section 1 RootsHumanities Humanism Interest in ancient Greek, Roman culture Characteristics of good education Scholastic education gave way to classics: rhetoric, grammar, poetry, history, Latin, Greek Subjects came to be known as humanities, movement they inspired known as humanism Humanists emphasized individual accomplishment Roots traced to work of Dante; work contained glimpses of what would become focus on human nature Historians believe Renaissance began with two humanists who lived after Dante—Giovanni Boccaccio, Francesco Petrarch Both wrote literature in everyday language not Latin Advances were made in medicine, as well as astronomy

10. Renaissance and Reformation Section 1 Early 1500s life in Italy seemed insecure, precarious Church no longer served as source of stability, peace Form of humanism developed from Petrarch’s ideas; focus was secular, was worldly rather than spiritual Humanists argued that individual achievement, education could be fully expressed only if people used talents, abilities in service of cities. Service Ideal Renaissance man came to be “universal man,” accomplished in classics, but also man of action, who could respond to all situations. Renaissance Man Secular Writers

11. Renaissance and Reformation Section 1 How to Rule Philosopher, statesman Niccolò Machiavelli also wrote influential book Experiences with violent politics influenced opinions on how governments should rule in The Prince Examples of Renaissance Men

12. Renaissance and Reformation Section 1 Machiavelli Machiavellian advice seemed to encourage harsh treatment of citizens, rival states Describes men as “ungrateful, fickle, liars, and deceivers” Advises rulers to separate morals from politics –Power, ruthlessness more useful than idealism –Ruler must do whatever necessary to maintain political power, even if cruel Machiavelli’s theory that “the end justifies the means” deviated from accepted views of correct behavior Idea that state an entity in itself, separate from its ruler, became foundation for later political philosophy

13. Renaissance and Reformation Section 1 Scientific Challenges Science soon became important avenue of inquiry Church’s teachings about world were challenged, particularly that Earth center of universe Earth, Sun Nicholas Copernicus said Sun was center of universe Galileo Galilei arrested by church officials for saying Earth orbited Sun Science of the Renaissance

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15. Renaissance and Reformation Section 1 Draw Conclusions What were some important new ideas of the Renaissance?

16. Renaissance and Reformation Section 1 Renaissance artists wanted to paint the natural world as realistically as possible. The arts a reflection of the new humanist spirit Medieval artists—idealized and symbolic representations Renaissance artists depicted what they observed in nature artists worked for The church whoever paid them governments Patrons of the Arts Renaissance Art Lorenzo de Medici supported most talented artists Milan, ruling Sforza family benefactors of artists, others Competition Among Patrons

17. Renaissance and Reformation Section 1 Religious paintings focused on personality Humanist interest in classical learning, human nature Building design reflected humanist reverence for Greek, Roman culture Classical architecture favored Classical Influence Studied perspective, 3- dimensional objects Experimented with using color to portray shapes, textures Subject matter changed= artists began to paint, sculpt scenes from Greek, Roman myths Artists Methods Styles and Techniques

18. Renaissance and Reformation Section 1 Highly talented in all fields His paintings still studied and admired Wrote out ideas, filling 20,000 pages of notes His interests, enthusiasm boundless Studied anatomy won fame with Pietà, sculpture of Jesus’ mother Mary holding son’s dead body Sculpture communicates grief, love, acceptance, immortality Michelangelo Marble statue=David Most famous painting, artwork on ceiling of Sistine Chapel=scenes from Old Testament considered one of greatest achievements in art history Sculpture, Painting Leonardo da Vinci

19. Renaissance and Reformation Section 1 David Pieta, 1499

20. Renaissance and Reformation Section 1 http://www.italyguides.it/ movie/roma/link/sistina.h tmhttp://www.italyguides.it/ movie/roma/link/sistina.h tm

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22. Renaissance and Reformation Section 1 Renaissance architecture reached height with work of Donato Bramante Had already achieved fame when chosen architect of Rome Design for St. Peter’s Basilica influenced appearance of many smaller churches Bramante Raffaello Sanzio=Raphael Renowned painter, accomplished architect Most famous work, The School of Athens, fresco—painting made on fresh, moist plaster Also well known for many paintings of the Madonna Raphael Other Artists

23. Renaissance and Reformation Section 1 School of Athens Resurrection of Christ

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27. Renaissance and Reformation Section 1 Find the Main Idea What was the ideal of Renaissance art?

28. Renaissance and Reformation Section 1 Leonardo Da Vinci Painter, writer, inventor, architect, engineer, mathematician, musician, philosopher

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33. Renaissance and Reformation Section 1 Homework Machiavelli: The Prince: Chapter I Read chapters 1, 2, 3 Write a short essay in which you defend Machiavelli’s theories, or disagree with them You should include an opening paragraph with a thesis, a body with supporting statements (including from the work), and a concluding paragraph Machiavelli: The Prince: Chapter I