1. Unit 4 Matters of the MindB
徐乙玉

2. Vocabulary subarachnoid (a.) [ˌsʌbəˈræknɔɪd]
below the level of the arachnoid layer
蛛網膜下腔的
hemorrhage (n.) [ˈhɛmərɪdʒ] a
medical condition in which there
is severe loss of blood from inside
a person’s body 出血
aneurysm (n.)  [ˈænjəˌrɪzəm] an area of extreme swelling on the wall of artery動脈瘤
anterior communicating artery 前交通動脈
pericallosal artery胼胝體周圍動脈

3. Vocabulary
discharge (v.) the act of allowing somebody to leave hospital出院
ignition (n.) /ɪg'nɪʃən/ the electrical system of a vehicle that makes the fuel begin to burn to start the engine點火裝置，點火開關
misdemeanor (n.) [ˌmɪsdɪˈminɚ] an action that is bad or unacceptable, but not very serious輕罪
idleness (n.)   [ˈaɪdḷnɪs] without work 失業
unpunctuality (n.) not arriving, happening, or being done at exactly the time that has been arranged不守時

4. Vocabulary reactive depression 反應性抑鬱症
clear-cut definite and easy to see or identify明確的
stroop test 叫色測驗
trail making test 連連看測驗
CT-scan (CT = computed tomography) 電腦斷層掃描
lesion (n.) /'liʒən/ damage to the skin or part of the body caused by injury or by illness器官損害

5. Vocabulary
relapse (v.) /‘riˈlæps/ to go back into a previous condition or into a worse state after making an improvement復發
premorbid (n.) the time before the illness started 病前
detrimental (a.) /ˈdɛtrə'mɛntḷ/ harmful有害的
obsessive-compulsive behavior /əb'sɛsɪv/強迫症

6. Summary---Paragraph 1
A normal man was sent to the prison because of misbehavior after brain surgery.

7. Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH)
SAH can be caused by a ruptured aneurysm
stroke occurs when the brain is deprived of oxygen

8. Summary---Paragraph 2、3
He repeatedly stole cars and parked them in the vicinity of his house. As a result, he was sent to the prison.
His movement wasn’t criminal; he stole cars under effects of alcohol and depression. Borrowing cars gave him a kind of pleasurable relief.

9. Summary---Paragraph 4
He failed to maintain steady employment because of the hemorrhage, and neither medication nor psychotherapy work.
Discussion
If you were the employer, what would you do when you know the man’s misbehavior?

10. Paragraph 4 Clomipramine氯米帕明
a tricyclic, heterocyclic drug used to treat depression, anxiety and obsessive-compulsive disorder
Valpromide丙戊酰胺
Valpromide (marketed as Depamide by sanofi-aventis) is a carboxamide derivative of valproic acid used in the treatment of epilepsy(癲癇)and some affective disorders.
paroxetine氟苯哌苯醚，帕羅西丁
an antidepressant drug, Paxil
Bromazepam溴西泮
It has mainly anxiolytic and at higher doses also sedative, hypnotic and skeletal muscle relaxant properties

11. Summary---Paragraph 5
Clinical tests showed nothing unusual except the CT-scan showed that he had slight damage to one part of the brain.

12. The cerebrum is divided into four lobes:
The brain is composed of three parts: the brainstem, cerebellum, and cerebrum
The cerebrum is divided
into four lobes:
frontal
parietal
temporal
occipital

13. four lobes of cerebrum

14. Frontal lobe syndrome
Perserveration
The persistence of a repetitive response after the cause of the response has been removed, or the response continues to different stimuli.

15. Neuropsychological Testing
Wisconsin Card Sorting Test
developed to assess abstract reasoning and ability to shift cognitive strategies in response to environmental changes.

16. Neuropsychological Testing
Stroop Test
examines how the brain processes language and colour
tell the ink colours rather than read the actual word printed

17. Neuropsychological Testing---Stroop Test

18. Neuropsychological Testing---Stroop Test
The cognitive mechanism involved in this task is called directed attention, you have to manage your attention, inhibit or stop one response in order to say or do something else.

19. Neuropsychological Testing
Trail Making Test

20. Neuropsychological Testing---Trail Making Test
“multitasking” can be faster?
FOCUS

21. Summary---Paragraph 6
Brain damage and its possible effect on a person’s mental abilities.
Discussion
Have you ever heard a similar story or case?