1. Warm-up  Update your Table of Contents  Write your homework – have it stamped  Get your “Fungi Notes” out to be checked!  Get something to grade your test with! DateSession # ActivityPage # 3/5 & 3/6 2 Intro to Pathogens Notes 2

2. Homework Research any disease and find out the following: 1) What type of pathogen causes it 2) What the symptoms are 3) How can it be treated 4) Any other interesting info about it 5) Picture (gross is ok, but make sure it is appropriate) Compile all of this information onto a “mini-poster” (printer size paper) that can be displayed for a “Pathogen Poster Walk” so others can learn about your disease as well!

3. Pathogens Cause Disease  We will focus on 4 Types of Pathogens: Fungi Bacteria Viruses Parasites

4. Pathogens Cause Disease  For each of the 4 Types of Pathogens you will need to know: Characteristics Spread Treatment Prevention Disease examples

5. Fungi Fact Kahoot!  Get logged in to Kahoot.it

6. ERT = Everybody Reads To… 1) Turn to page NC-22 in the back of the book. 2) We will read one paragraph at a time, discuss the answers to the questions, & then take notes in the box for that topic.

7. PARAGRAPH 1 - PATHOGENS ERT

8. Pathogens Pathogen - Anything that can cause disease or harm Also referred to as microbes or germs Virus, Bacteria & Parasites are 3 main types of disease spreading pathogens

9. Types of Diseases Communicable: - Infectious or Contagious – Caused by a Microbe entering body and reproducing – Bacteria, Virus, Parasite – Easily spread between individual organisms – EXAMPLES: Cold, Influenza, (Flu) Strep Throat Non-communicable:  - Not infectious or contagious – Cannot be passed from person to person – Due to genetics, behavior, or environmental factors NOT a microbe/germ – EXAMPLES: Addiction, Cancer, Arthritis, Heart Disease, Diabetes

10. PARAGRAPH 2 - VIRUSES ERT

11. Virus  Composed of DNA or RNA enclosed in a protein shell  NOT LIVING – Needs a host to reproduce  Very small  Vaccines used to treat

12. How a Virus Attacks a Cell…  http://www.youtube.com/watch?v= Rpj0emEGShQ

13. PARAGRAPH 3 - BACTERIA ERT

14. Bacteria  Living organisms  Unicellular, prokaryotic  Reproduce using binary fission  Larger than viruses, but usually more treatable  Antibiotics used to treat

15. Fun Fact: Clean skin has about 20 million bacteria per square inch…

16. Bacteria & Cell Phones  http://www.youtube.com/watch?v= 4lmwbBzClAc

17. PARAGRAPH 4 - PARASITES ERT

18. Parasites  Living organisms that need a host to survive – highly adapted to their host  Unicellular or multicellular  Come in many shapes and sizes

19.  Maggots in My Head http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V2 Ac6RYSvo8  Tapeworm in My Eye http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jVb rXbmPHpo http://www.animalplanet.com/tv-shows/monsters-inside- me/videos/parasites-nest-in-brain.htm

20. Homework – must have a printed copy with you! Research any disease and find out the following: 1) What type of pathogen causes it 2) What the symptoms are 3) How can it be treated 4) Any other interesting info about it 5) Picture (gross is ok, but make sure it is appropriate) Compile all of this information onto a “mini- poster” (printer size paper) that can be displayed for a “Pathogen Poster Walk” so others can learn about your disease as well!

21. Warm-up  Update your Table of Contents  Write your homework – have it stamped  Take your advertisement off the front counter if you want it!  Tape your disease research homework to a wall around the room – MAKE SURE YOUR FIRST & LAST NAME IS VISIBLE ON THE FRONT OF IT! DateSession # ActivityPage # 3/9 & 3/10 3 Comparing & Contrasting Pathogens Pathogen Poster Walk 3 Finding Patient Zero 4 Spread of Disease Note Guide 5

22. What is a Pathogen?  Pathogens are anything that cause disease…they are also referred to as microbes and germs

23. What are the 4 Pathogens we are Focusing on?  Fungi  Bacteria  Viruses  Parasites

24. Warm Up: Comparing & Contrasting Pathogens On page 3 in your notebook answer the following questions – you may discuss with your table partner: How are viruses and bacteria similar/different? How are parasites and viruses similar/different? How are fungal diseases similar/different to any of the other pathogens? Which type of pathogen would you consider most serious and why?

25. Pathogen Poster Walk  Which disease did you research? Walk around and view the various diseases people have researched. Copy down information for 1 that is different from your own including the name of the disease, the pathogen that causes it, symptoms & treatment!

26. Spreading Disease… How does it happen…LET’S INVESTIGATE!?

27. Finding Patient Zero  Each person will receive a test tube and a syringe  You will carefully go around the room and trade fluids with 3 other people using your syringe  When completed, sit down and write down who you traded with first, second and third

28. Finding Patient Zero  Purple/clear = Negative  Blue/green = Positive

29. Who Figures All of This Out?  An Epidemiologist is a scientist who studies diseases including how they start, spread and how they are treated. (First thing on the note guide)

30. Contagions  Many pathogens are also said to be contagions…  Contagions – capable of being spread by direct or indirect contact (in other words…contagious)

31. How Do Pathogens Cause Harm?  They can change what your cells do Carcinogens & Viruses are 2 examples! Mutagen – something that actually changes or “mutates” the genetic material of an organism

32. How Do Pathogens Spread?  4 main ways that pathogens are transferred: Person to person Food and water Environment Animals

33. People to People…  Carrier – a person who is infected and can infect others but may not show the symptoms of the disease themselves

34. Types of Carriers 1. Symptomatic: - show symptoms of the disease; they are SICK - actively spreading disease particles to others while they are sick – EX: Influenza, Chicken Pox, Common Cold 2. Asymptomatic: – Does NOT appear sick – Can still actively spread disease – EX: HIV, Herpes

35. Typhoid Mary  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v =XE8HwwNqHG4

36. Food and Water  Contaminated food and water can spread pathogens, below are a few examples: = - Infected animals - Food or water that comes from unsanitary areas or isn’t cleaned - Eating raw or undercooked food

37. Environments  Moist A lot like water  Average temperatures Not too hot or too cold  Limited exposure to fresh air More ability to reproduce  Sunlight Good for some, bad for others  Food sources Sugars or decaying material

38. Animals  Vector – Insects and animals that spread disease to humans EXAMPLES: – Fleas – transmit the plague (bacterial) – Ticks – transmit Lyme disease (bacterial) – Mosquitoes – transmit Malaria (parasitic), West Nile Virus, Yellow Fever (both viral)

39. Treatment/Medicine  Antibiotics – Medicine that prevents the growth and reproduction of bacteria  Vaccines – A weak dose of a virus that helps your immune system kill the real virus later Don’t forget antimycotics, what are they used for?

40. Preventing the Spread…  Eat right, get enough rest, avoid stress  Antibacterial soaps and antimicrobial solutions (don’t overuse)  Go to the doctor for check ups  Get vaccinated  Covering our mouths when we cough or sneeze  Avoid unnecessary contact with people, animals or objects that could be contaminated!  Keep studying diseases and how they adapt and change!

41. Mythbusters: Flu Fiction  How Easily Can Pathogens Really Spread?

42. Warm-Up  Update your Table of Contents!  Write your homework – have it stamped!  Grab a data tracker off the front counter to analyze your last test!  Set up page 6 so that it is divided into 4 squares each labeled for one of the pathogens: Fungi, Bacteria, Virus, Parasite DateSession # ActivityPage # 3/11 & 3/12 4 Disease Examples Gallery Walk 6 Basic Bacteriology & Ted Talks: The Ghost Map 7 “Influenza of 1918” 8

43. Warm-Up  Complete your data tracker and staple it to your test. Keep both in your notebook.  Once you have completed your data tracker move around the room quietly making a list of disease examples in the correct section on page 6. You should have many examples of diseases for each type of pathogen!

44. Kahoot Quick Recap Describe the job of an epidemiologist. Who is “Patient Zero?” Contagion vs. Mutagen? Communicable vs. non-communicable? Does everyone that is sick show symptoms? Carrier vs. Vector? Vaccines are used for preventing viruses, but HOW do they work? Antibiotics treat diseases caused by bacteria, but HOW do they work against the bacteria?

45. The Rate of Spread…  Last class we talked about how pathogens spread, but the rate of spread is also important.  How quickly a disease spreads, and size of the area affected are key factors in the study of epidemiology, and today we will look at 2 very different cases!

46. Basic Bacteriology  What process do bacteria use to reproduce/replicate?  You are going to calculate the rate of bacteria growth for several scenarios!  You can work with your table partner if needed…and you will need a calculator with an exponent function. Bacteria Reproduction Video Clip http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gEwzD ydciWc

47. Example Problem E. coli bacteria divide every 20 minutes. If you have 30 bacteria cells at the beginning of your experiment, how many E. coli cells do you have after 2 hours? Formula: 2 number of generations x initial number of bacteria = total number of bacteria present

48. Basic Bacteriology Calculations

49. The Rate of Spread…  Outbreak - The Cholera Story John Snow

50. Cholera Background  Cholera is a disease that is spread by bacteria. The onset of cholera can appear with little or no warning, and include symptoms such as diarrhea, acute spasmodic vomiting and painful cramping. The victim can lose up to 5 gallons of liquid within 24 hours consequently causing severe dehydration accompanied by cyanosis, a condition in which the skin turns blue, begins to pucker and becomes cold…death may occur in as little as a few hours.

51. The Cholera Story The year is 1854, you live in London, and suddenly, people in your neighborhood begin to get sick and die very quickly. You hear your parents whispering that this isn’t the first time they have seen this type of sickness…it happened before in 1832 and nobody really knew what to do. This time however, a doctor, John Snow, comes with a new idea…

52. The Cholera Story  He thought that if he checked the city’s death records and mapped out exactly where people were living when they died, he might find some clues as to what was causing the disease and therefore how to stop it from spreading any further. With this idea came the birth of early epidemiology…

53. Ted Talks – The Ghost Map  http://www.ted.com/talks/steven_j ohnson_tours_the_ghost_map

54. Influenza 1918 WebQuest  Use the scan codes to work your way through the Influenza outbreak of 1918!  Put your “Influenza of 1918” in the basket when you are done…IF YOU DON’T FINISH THEN IT BECOMES HOMEWORK!

55. Warm-Up  Write you homework – get it stamped  Update your Table of Contents  Tape your “Influenza of 1918” onto page 8 and have it out to be checked!  Draw a T-chart on page 9 – title it “Epidemic vs. Pandemic” & Google “Wisegeek Epidemic Pandemic” and start filling it in! DateSession # ActivityPage # 3/13 & 3/16 5 Epidemic vs. Pandemic T- Chart 9 Map Analysis Caption Boxes 10 Plague Inc. Information 11

56. Epidemic vs. Pandemic

57. From Last Class…  Was the cholera outbreak in London an epidemic or pandemic…why?  How about Influenza of 1918? Why?  What are differences/similarities between the 2 cases?

58. Map Analysis  With your table partner, analyze the maps.  Come up with the “Caption Box” for each map. In other words, what should the empty box next to each map say to explain the patterns seen on the map? You may bullet point a list.

59. Risk of Spread of Influenza Caption Box  Countries are categorized as extreme risk because of their high population density, urbanization and busy airports.  These countries would require a tailored policy response on the part of the government and businesses to combat the risk of spread.

60. Risk of Capacity to Contain Influenza Caption Box  Countries with the highest capacity to contain a pandemic have large stockpiles of drugs and a sophisticated health infrastructure, which means they have very effective measures to fight disease.  The capacity of a country to contain the spread of disease also depends on factors of wealth, health, infrastructure, education, resources, information and communication networks, and government intervention.

61. Risk of Emergence of Influenza Caption Box  Countries most prone to risk of emergence of a new strain of a disease in humans are poorer countries that have dense rural populations, with living quarters in close proximity to livestock.  The risk can increase due to poor hygiene, lack of access to clean water and sanitation and poor public health education or lack of access to healthcare. Little government intervention/policies to prevent this from occurring.

62.  “The single biggest threat to man’s continued dominance on the planet is the virus” – Joshua Lederberg, Ph.D How a Virus Changes the World… http://www.takepart.com/sites/default/fil es/contagion/index.html#&slider1=1

63. Disease Simulation Game  Using one of the following Apps, you will create a disease and simulate it’s spread: Plague Inc. – 99 cents Pandemic 2 - free Infection Bio War - free  Record the important information about the pathogen you create on page 11 of your notebook so that you can create a Warning for it!

64. Warning…Outbreak! DUE NEXT CLASS! QUALITY WORK…NO LOOSE LEAF!!  Create a warning poster/sign, OR commercial/PSA warning the world about the possible disease outbreak!  Things to include: Name: Fictional disease created on Plague Inc. Characterisitics: Type of Pathogen? How does it Attack? Symptoms? Common Victims? Mutations/Evolution? Spread/Affected Area: How does it Spread? Which areas are affected/will be affected? Prevention: How can you prevent being infected? Treatment: Is there a treatment? Picture: Could be of the area infected, what the pathogen might look like, what a victim might look like etc. Must be informational, but can also be silly & creative!!

65. Homework  Plague Inc. Warning!  Due next class!  This should be based on your fictitious disease created in your game simulation!

66. Warm-Up  Update your Table of Contents  Write your homework – get it stamped  Make sure your Plague Inc. Warning is in the basket, or has been submitted electronically!  On page 12, start making a list of things that have contributed to your/our understanding of epidemics & pandemics that allow us to control them. DateSession # ActivityPage # 3/17 & 3/18 6 Controlling Epidemics/Pandemics List 12 Project Outbreak Instructions 13

67. Evolution of Epidemics & Pandemics  http://www.youtube.com/watch?v= UG8YbNbdaco http://www.youtube.com/watch?v= UG8YbNbdaco  As we watch the video, add to your list!

68. Make a list of things that have contributed to our understanding of epidemics & pandemics that allow us to control them… Also think about what factors helped you successfully infect the world while playing Plague Inc.

69. Some other things to think about…  What are the main differences between an epidemic and a pandemic?  Can other circumstances actually cause a disease outbreak or make it worse? Can you give an example?  If there is no “cure” for a disease, what can we do? Are these diseases still treatable?  Why do you have to get a flu vaccine every year when some vaccines last a lifetime?

70. Project Outbreak  A disease is considered an outbreak when it occurs in greater numbers than expected in a community or region, or during a season. An outbreak may occur in one community or even extend to several countries. It can last from days to years. Sometimes a single case of a contagious disease is considered an outbreak if it is an unknown disease, is new to a community, or has been absent from a population for a long time. An outbreak can be categorized as an epidemic or pandemic.

71. Project Outbreak Resources  http://www.takepart.com/sites/default/ files/contagion/index.html#&slider1=1 http://www.takepart.com/sites/default/ files/contagion/index.html#&slider1=1  http://www.who.int/csr/disease/en/ http://www.who.int/csr/disease/en/  http://www.healthline.com/health- slideshow/10-worst-disease- outbreaks#1 http://www.healthline.com/health- slideshow/10-worst-disease- outbreaks#1

72. HOMEWORK  Pathogens Unit Test on Sessions 1-7: Monday, March 23 rd : A-day Tuesday, March 24 th : B-day  Project Outbreak – DUE Wednesday, March 25 th : A-day Thursday, March 26 th : B-day