Download presentation
Presentation is loading. Please wait.
Published byBuck Stewart Modified over 9 years ago
1
The Blood
2
Blood Liquid connective tissue Hemotology: study of blood, flood forming tissues, and associated disorders
3
Physical Characteristics Red Viscous Fluid Temperature is 38 degrees Celsius or 100.4 degrees Farienheit pH 7.35-7.45 Salt Content:.8 -.9 % Approximately 8% of body mass Volume 5-6 Liters (10-12 pints)
4
Functions 1. Transport: – A. Gasses: oxygen and carbon dioxide – B. Nutrients – C. Wastes – D. Regulating factors: hormones and enzymes 2. Heat dissipation 3. Maintenance of Acid/Base equilibrium 4. Protects from loss of volume (clotting mechanisms 5. Protection from disease/toxins/microbes
5
Formed Elements 1. Erythrocytes ( Red blood corpusels) RBC’s Most abundant Females: 4.9 million/drop Males: 5 million/drop Biconcave disc 1.1 x 7.7 x 2.2 micrometers Flexible membrane (bag of hemoglobin (Hb) no nucleus) Fetal hemoglobin is replaced by adult Hb
6
Hemoglobin Heme: iron = oxygen carrier Globin: protein Hb + Oxgen = oxyhemoglobin 90% of oxygen is carried this way Hb + Carbon dixoide = carboxyhemoglobin 30% of carbon dioxide is carried this way The rest is HCO 3 anion dissolved
7
Red Blood Cell Life span: 120 days – Then removed by macrophages in the spleen, liver or one marrow – Hemoglobin is then converted by the liver to billireuben – RBC are produced and destroyed at 2 million/second Erythropoeisis: RBC formation – Stimulated by a lack of oxygen in tissues (hypoxia) – Kidney’s release Renal Erythropoetic factor- which stimulates plasma protein to become Erythropeotin- which stimulated the bone marrow
8
Hematocrit (HCt) Measure of the % of RBC’s present : Females: 40-54 % Males: 38-47% Anemia: lack of circulating Red Blood Cells Polycythemia: excess of Red Blood Cells
9
Formed Elements The Anatomy of Red Blood Cells Figure 11-2
10
Leukocytes: WBC Have a nucleus No definite shape Exhibit ameoboid action(move independently)
11
Types of Leukocytes 1. Granulocytes- formed in bone marrow A. Neutrophils: most numerous 60-70% A. phagocytic cells B. Contain amino acids with a wide range of antibiotic activity B. Eosinophils ( acidophiles) release chemical inhibitors that combat histamines, leave the vessel to phagocytes immune complexes produced by allergic response and specific parasitic infections 2-4 % of WBC’s C. Basophils: tissue mass cells that release histamine and seratonin, initiate and intensify the immune response (.5 to 1% of WBC) short life span
12
2. Agranulocytes (lymphatic tissue) D. Lymphocytes: responsible for specific immunity by antibiotics and sensitized cells D. 20-25% of WBC count long life span (years) E. Monocytes: large phagocytes activated by invasion of foreign protein 3-8% of WBC count Normal WBC count: 5,000 to 10,000/drop Leukopenia- abnormally low level of WBC Leukocytosis- increased (desired) in the number of WBC’s (means body is fighting off disease) Leukemia- malignancy- loss of control over the # and maturity of WBC’s
14
3. Thrombocytes: formed element platelets: round/oval disk without a nucleus fragile membrane Function: 1. initiate clotting mechanism 2. 5-9 day life span 3. 250,000 to 400,000/drop
15
Matrix: Plasma Makes up 55% of whole blood Components 1. water= 91.5% 2. proteins= 7% Albumin- osmotic pressure Globulins- antibodies produced by plamsa cells Fibrogens- formed in the liver 3. Non-protein/Nitrogen Solutes NPN waste products (urea, uric acid, creatine) 4. Nutrients: fatty acids Glycerol, glucose, amino acids, Ions sodium, potasium, clorine, phosphate, calcium 5. Regulating Factors; endocrine hormones, enzymes, vitamins
17
Hemostasis (stop the bleeding) 1. Vascular Spasm: when damage occurs: the smooth muscle in a blood vessel wall contracts- stopping or reducing blood flow for 30 minutes 2. Platelet Plug- (capillaries) when thrombocytes come in contact with rough surfaces they become sticky adhering to the vessel wall and each other Stops bleeding in capillaries and small vessels 3. Coagulation “cascade reaction” Syneresis: loss of water by fibrin pulls wound edges together. Plasminogen: plasmin dissolves the clot Embolus: clot that travels Coronary embolism Pulmonary embolism Cranial embolism (CVA) stroke
19
The Structure of a Blood Clot Figure 11-9
20
Blood Types Agglutination: clumping of incompatible blood types RBC: agglutinogens A, B Type A: AA, AO Type B: BB, BO Type AB: AB Type O: OO ( Drawing)
22
Rh Factor: D ++, +-, -- Erythroblastosis Fetalis: destruction of Fetal Rh+ RBC in an Rh- mother, may result in anemia or death Rhogam to prevent
23
Other Blood Group Markers MN Blood Group co-dominant M (mm) N (nn) MN (mn) autosomal not significant in transfusions HLA – Human Leukocyte Antigen 30,000,000 HLA Genotypes Rejection of Tissues
Similar presentations
© 2025 SlidePlayer.com. Inc.
All rights reserved.