1. Reactivity of Metals and Uses of metals and non- metals Done by: Simone Vincent

2. Reactivity of Metals Reactivity of Metals

3. Reactivity of Metals Metallic element and their alloys are among our most useful materials.  They conduct heat and electricity.  They are malleable and ductile  High melting points and high densities  Sonorous  Metallic lustre  Their strength makes them an ideal material for use in the construction industry.

4. Reaction of metals and oxygen Reaction of metals and oxygen  Potassium, and sodium react with oxygen without requiring heat to start the reaction. Because of this, they must be stored under oil. They are very reactive.  Calcium and magnesium react with oxygen but need to be heated to start off the reaction. These two metals are reactive.  Metals like copper and mercury will slowly form oxides, but they need to be heated continuously in oxygen: They are not very reactive. The product of burning a metal in oxygen is a metal oxide: For example:

5. Reaction of metals and water Reaction of metals and water  A few very reactive metals will react with cold water. Potassium is the most violent one.  Potassium, sodium, lithium and calcium all react very fast when placed in water. The product of the reaction in each case is an alkaline solution and hydrogen gas.  The chemical equation for potassium reacting with water is:  Magnesium and zinc require the water to be in the form of steam for a clearly observable reaction to take place. These metals are less reactive than potassium, sodium, lithium, and calcium. For example:

6. Reaction of metals and acid Reaction of metals and acid  More metals are able to react with acid than with water. Some very reactive metals like potassium are too dangerous to risk putting into acid, but metals such as Magnesium, Aluminium, Zinc, Iron and Tin (the MAZIT metals) can safely be observed reacting with dilute acids.  The products of acid/metal reactions are a salt and hydrogen gas.  For example:  Some metals are so unreactive that they do not react with acids at all, e.g. copper, silver and gold.

7. Reactivity order Reactivity order

8. Stability of metal compounds Stability of metal compounds  Metals which are very reactive, like potassium and sodium, have very stable (unreactive) compounds.  These compounds do not decompose easily. Such reactive metals exist in compounds and are not found naturally as the free element.  Metals of low reactivity have unstable compounds. Some like gold or silver occur as the free elements in nature, whilst others are found in compounds which are easily decomposed.  Copper, lead and tin are metals which are more easily extracted from their ores than the very reactive metals

9. Extracting metals from ores Extracting metals from ores  Ores of very reactive metals have to be melted and electrolysed with a DC supply of electricity. The positive metal ions are attracted to the negative electrode where they accept electrons.  For example:  Ores of reactive metals have to be heated with carbon or carbon monoxide in order to extract the metal.  For example:  Ores of unreactive metals only need to be heated to obtain the metal.  For example:  In each case, the metal ion in the compound gains electrons. i.e. they are reduced.

10. Uses of Metals and Non- Metals

11. METALS METALS

12. Metals are absolutely essential to all living beings. Metals are present in minute quantities in all living organisms. Metals are absolutely essential to all living beings. Metals are present in minute quantities in all living organisms. Sodium and Potassium are major metals that that are used for transmission of electrical signals from the brain to the entire nervous system. Iron is an important component of hemoglobin in the blood of warm-blooded animals. Sodium and Potassium are major metals that that are used for transmission of electrical signals from the brain to the entire nervous system. Iron is an important component of hemoglobin in the blood of warm-blooded animals. Iron transports oxygen to issues by forming oxides. In cold- blooded animals, blood contains copper. Iron transports oxygen to issues by forming oxides. In cold- blooded animals, blood contains copper. Chlorophyll in plants contains magnesium. Other metals like copper and zinc are needed by different tissues in a human body for functioning properly. Chlorophyll in plants contains magnesium. Other metals like copper and zinc are needed by different tissues in a human body for functioning properly.

13. In addition to the use of metals for living organisms, metals are used extensively by humans. Applications of metals for useful purposes can be categorized as follows: In addition to the use of metals for living organisms, metals are used extensively by humans. Applications of metals for useful purposes can be categorized as follows: Metals are used in the pure form Metals are used in the pure form Metals are used in the form of compounds of two or more metals. (These compounds are called alloys). Metals are used in the form of compounds of two or more metals. (These compounds are called alloys). Metals are used in the form of metal salts Metals are used in the form of metal salts Some of the uses of metals in pure form can be listed as follows : Some of the uses of metals in pure form can be listed as follows : Cu, Al pure metals in the form of wires are used for carrying electrical currents. This is used everywhere in industries as well as in homes. Cu, Al pure metals in the form of wires are used for carrying electrical currents. This is used everywhere in industries as well as in homes. Fe, Al, Cu metals are used to make utensils used for cooking. These are also used to make useful equipments for factories. Fe is used extensively for making magnets, which has extensive uses in making transformer cores, etc. Fe, Al, Cu metals are used to make utensils used for cooking. These are also used to make useful equipments for factories. Fe is used extensively for making magnets, which has extensive uses in making transformer cores, etc. Zn is used for galvanizing iron to protect Fe from rusting. Zn is used for galvanizing iron to protect Fe from rusting. Cr and Ni are used for electroplating equipments. Cr and Ni are used for electroplating equipments. Fe, Cr, Ni are used to make various types of stainless steel. Fe, Cr, Ni are used to make various types of stainless steel. Metals such as Al, Cu in a foil form are used for packaging materials. Metals such as Al, Cu in a foil form are used for packaging materials. Ag, Au and Pt are used to make jewellery. They are also used for plating items for decorative purposes. Ag, Au and Pt are used to make jewellery. They are also used for plating items for decorative purposes. Thin foils of Ag and Au are used to decorate food items. Thin foils of Ag and Au are used to decorate food items. Hg is used in thermometers. Hg is used in thermometers. Almost all metals including Zr, Ti find wide applications in atomic and space programs and experiments. Almost all metals including Zr, Ti find wide applications in atomic and space programs and experiments. Ti finds extensive use in aircraft industries. Ti finds extensive use in aircraft industries. Al finds extensive use in space and auto industries. Al finds extensive use in space and auto industries. Pure metals, which display zero resistance to electrical currents, are called superconductors. Hg, Nb are examples of superconductors. They become superconductors below a critical temperature of 4.2 and 9.2 K respectively. Superconductors have many applications in research and industry. Pure metals, which display zero resistance to electrical currents, are called superconductors. Hg, Nb are examples of superconductors. They become superconductors below a critical temperature of 4.2 and 9.2 K respectively. Superconductors have many applications in research and industry.

14. NON-METALS NON-METALS

15. Non-metals occur in the earth’s crust mostly combined with metal elements. Oxides are most commonly found compounds; hence oxygen is the most abundant of all non-metals within the earth’s crust. Non-metals occur in the earth’s crust mostly combined with metal elements. Oxides are most commonly found compounds; hence oxygen is the most abundant of all non-metals within the earth’s crust. The second most abundant non-metal found on the earth and within its crust is silicon. Phosphorus and sulphur are also found in large quantities inside the earth’s surface, but their occurrence is less than that of oxygen and silicon. The second most abundant non-metal found on the earth and within its crust is silicon. Phosphorus and sulphur are also found in large quantities inside the earth’s surface, but their occurrence is less than that of oxygen and silicon. Three important non-metals: Silicon (Si), phosphorus (P) and sulphur (S). These three non-metals are necessary in modern life. Silicon is used in making electronic components like transistors and integrated circuits. Phosphorus in the form compounds is used as fertilizers. Sulphur finds many uses especially in rubber industry and medicines. Three important non-metals: Silicon (Si), phosphorus (P) and sulphur (S). These three non-metals are necessary in modern life. Silicon is used in making electronic components like transistors and integrated circuits. Phosphorus in the form compounds is used as fertilizers. Sulphur finds many uses especially in rubber industry and medicines.

16. Silicon Silicon has chemical symbol Si. It has 14 protons and 14 neutrons. An atom of Si is represented as 2814Si. Si is largely separated from sand or SiO2 by oxidation method. Silicon has chemical symbol Si. It has 14 protons and 14 neutrons. An atom of Si is represented as 2814Si. Si is largely separated from sand or SiO2 by oxidation method. The Si obtained is then purified by zone refining. Si is characterized as having very useful properties. The Si obtained is then purified by zone refining. Si is characterized as having very useful properties. It is a semiconductor and when doped (with B or P in small quantities), it has many applications in electronics industries. It is a semiconductor and when doped (with B or P in small quantities), it has many applications in electronics industries. Since Si has 14 protons, it also has 14 electrons. The reaction of Si is similar to carbon, and it forms covalent bonds. Since Si has 14 protons, it also has 14 electrons. The reaction of Si is similar to carbon, and it forms covalent bonds.

17. Si is not found as a free element in nature. It is found mostly as sand or SiO2 or silicates of metals (metal-silicides). Silicon is found in the following varieties of sand or metal-silicates : Sand Sand Flint Flint Quartz Quartz Opal Opal Mica Mica Feldspar : KAlSi3O8 Feldspar : KAlSi3O8 Uses of silicon : Uses of silicon : Si is used for making electronic components like transistors, integrated circuits, micro-processors or “chips”. Si is used for making electronic components like transistors, integrated circuits, micro-processors or “chips”. Si when combined with C forms silicon carbide or SiC. This is also known as carborundum. After diamond this is the next hardest substance. It is used for making cutting and grinding tools for industries. Si when combined with C forms silicon carbide or SiC. This is also known as carborundum. After diamond this is the next hardest substance. It is used for making cutting and grinding tools for industries. Quartz crystals (silicon dioxide) are used for keeping time in watches, as its oscillations are extremely stable. Quartz crystals (silicon dioxide) are used for keeping time in watches, as its oscillations are extremely stable. Silicon dioxide is used for making glass, china and cement. Silicon dioxide is used for making glass, china and cement. Si is used for making polymers such as silicones. Silicones are used for making waterproof cloth and insulation. Si is used for making polymers such as silicones. Silicones are used for making waterproof cloth and insulation. Si is used for alloying with metals, so that the metal acquires useful properties. Si is used for alloying with metals, so that the metal acquires useful properties.

18. Phosphorus Phosphorus has chemical symbol P. It has 15 protons and 16 neutrons. An atom of P is represented as 3115P. Phosphorous is a non- metal and exists in many allotropic forms. Phosphorus has chemical symbol P. It has 15 protons and 16 neutrons. An atom of P is represented as 3115P. Phosphorous is a non- metal and exists in many allotropic forms. Two allotropic forms commonly seen are: red phosphorus and yellow (or white) phosphorus. Two allotropic forms commonly seen are: red phosphorus and yellow (or white) phosphorus. Phosphorus is indispensable to all living organisms; it is needed in bones, it is used for converting food into useful form of energy. Phosphorus is indispensable to all living organisms; it is needed in bones, it is used for converting food into useful form of energy.

19. Phosphorus is not found as a free element in nature. It is found mostly in a combined state. Phosphorus is also a major component in bones of dead organisms. Mineral ores containing P are: Phosphorite or rock phosphate : Ca3(PO4)2 Phosphorite or rock phosphate : Ca3(PO4)2 Chlorapatite : 3 Ca3(PO4)2. CaCl2 Chlorapatite : 3 Ca3(PO4)2. CaCl2 Fluorapatite : 3 Ca3(PO4)2.CaF2 Fluorapatite : 3 Ca3(PO4)2.CaF2

20. Uses of phosphorus : Uses of phosphorus : P is used to make H3PO4acid, which is used to make phosphate fertilizers. A superphosphate reaction is shown below. P is used to make H3PO4acid, which is used to make phosphate fertilizers. A superphosphate reaction is shown below. An alloy of P called phosphor-bronze is made from P, Cu and Sn. This alloy has many applications as it is a stretchable metallic material. An alloy of P called phosphor-bronze is made from P, Cu and Sn. This alloy has many applications as it is a stretchable metallic material. Red P is used to make match stick heads. The compound is a sulphide of red P. Red P is used to make match stick heads. The compound is a sulphide of red P. P is used to make smoke bombs used in wars. P is used to make smoke bombs used in wars. P is used in fireworks. P is used in fireworks. Since P is poisonous, it is used for preparing chemicals with zinc phosphide that kill domestic pests like rats. Since P is poisonous, it is used for preparing chemicals with zinc phosphide that kill domestic pests like rats. P is used in the manufacture of P- tetra chloride or P-penta chloride that are used as chlorinating agents in industries. P is used in the manufacture of P- tetra chloride or P-penta chloride that are used as chlorinating agents in industries.

21. Sulphur Sulphur has chemical symbol S. It has 16 protons and 16 neutrons. An atom of S is represented as 3216S. Sulphur has chemical symbol S. It has 16 protons and 16 neutrons. An atom of S is represented as 3216S. Sulphur is a non-metal and exists in the earth’s crust either as pure sulphur or as a metal- sulphide. Sulphur is a non-metal and exists in the earth’s crust either as pure sulphur or as a metal- sulphide. Since S has 16 protons, it also has 16 electrons. The reaction of S is similar to oxygen and it forms covalent bonds. Since S has 16 protons, it also has 16 electrons. The reaction of S is similar to oxygen and it forms covalent bonds.

22. Sulphur is found as a free element or in combined state in nature. Free sulphur is found in at a large depth below the earth’s surface. Metal sulphides such as Zn, Fe, Ag, Ca, Pb, Cu are found in abundant quantities. Mineral ores containing S are : Sulphur is found as a free element or in combined state in nature. Free sulphur is found in at a large depth below the earth’s surface. Metal sulphides such as Zn, Fe, Ag, Ca, Pb, Cu are found in abundant quantities. Mineral ores containing S are : Cinnabar : Hg2S Cinnabar : Hg2S Copper pyrites : CuFeS2 Copper pyrites : CuFeS2 Galena : PbS Galena : PbS Zinc blende : ZnS Zinc blende : ZnS Iron pyrite : FeS2 Iron pyrite : FeS2 Silver glance : Ag2S Silver glance : Ag2S Gypsum : CaSO4.2H2O Gypsum : CaSO4.2H2O Epsom salt : MgSO4.7H2O Epsom salt : MgSO4.7H2O Anhydrite : CaSO4 Anhydrite : CaSO4 Brytes : BaSO4 Brytes : BaSO4 Sulphur is found as H2S gas in petroleum gas, coal gas. H2S is the familiar pungent smell of onions. It is present in hair, eggs, many proteins and wool. Sulphur is found as H2S gas in petroleum gas, coal gas. H2S is the familiar pungent smell of onions. It is present in hair, eggs, many proteins and wool.

23. Uses of sulphur : S is used to make H2SOacid, which is used in the manufacture of many compounds such as detergents, plastics and explosives. S is used to make H2SOacid, which is used in the manufacture of many compounds such as detergents, plastics and explosives. S is used for making CS2 molecule, gun powder and matches. S is used for making CS2 molecule, gun powder and matches. S is used for manufacture of fire works. S is used for manufacture of fire works. S is used in the rubber industry for vulcanization of rubber. S is used in the rubber industry for vulcanization of rubber. S is used for making germicides and fungicides. S is used for making germicides and fungicides. S is used in many medicines. S is used in many medicines. S is used in photographic development (sodium thiosulphate or hypo). S is used in photographic development (sodium thiosulphate or hypo). S is used for making bleaching agents. S is used for making bleaching agents. S is used in making artificial hair colours or dyes. S is used in making artificial hair colours or dyes.

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