1. Chapter 20
U.S. History 2

2. 20.1 A Clash of Values
20.2 Cultural Innovations
20.3 African American Culture

3. 20.1 A Clash of Values Nativism Resurges Controlling Immigration
The New Morality
The Fundamentalist Movement
Prohibition

4. Nativism Resurges In the 1920s, racism and nativism increased.
Immigrants, returning soldiers, and women competed for jobs.

5. Nativism Resurges
Ethnic prejudice was the basis of the Sacco and Vanzetti case.
The two immigrant men were accused of murder and theft.
They were thought to be anarchists, or opposed to all forms of government.
They were sentenced to death.
In 1927, they were executed still proclaiming their innocence.

6. Nativism Resurges
Eugenics, the false science of the improvement of hereditary traits, was used to support arguments against immigration.
The Ku Klux Klan (KKK) led the movement to restrict immigration.
This new Klan targeted African Americans, Catholics, Jews, immigrants, and others.

7. Nativism Resurges
By 1924, the KKK had over 4 million members throughout the nation.
Scandals and poor leadership led to the decline of the Klan in the late 1920s.
Politicians supported by the Klan were voted out of office.

8. Controlling Immigration
In 1921 President Harding signed the Emergency Quota Act.
It limited immigration to 3 percent of the total number of people in any ethnic group already living in the U.S.
This discriminated heavily against southern and eastern Europeans.

9. Controlling Immigration
The National Origins Act of made immigrant restriction a permanent policy.
The act lowered the quotas to 2 percent of each national group living in the U.S. in
The act exempted immigrants from the Western Hemisphere from the quotas.

10. Controlling Immigration
The immigration acts reduced the labor pool in the U.S.
Mexican immigrants began pouring into the U.S. to find work and leave the aftermath of the Mexican Revolution of

11. The New Morality
A “new morality” challenged traditional ideas and glorified youth and personal freedom.
New ideas about marriage, work, and pleasure affected the way people lived.
Women entered the workforce, earned their own livings, or attended college.

12. The New Morality
The automobile opened up new opportunities for Americans.

13. The New Morality
The flapper, a young, dramatic, stylish, and unconventional woman, exemplified the change in women’s behavior.
She smoked cigarettes, drank illegal liquor, and wore revealing clothes.
Professionally, women advanced in science, medicine, law, and literature.

14. The Fundamentalist Movement
Fundamentalism, a religious movement opposed to the “new moraiity,” emerged.
The Fundamentalists rejected Darwin’s theory of evolution.
They believed in creationism– that God created the world as described in the Bible.
Charles Darwin

15. The Fundamentalist Movement
In 1925 Tennessee passed the Butler Act, which made it illegal to teach evolution,
Evolutionists and creationists debated in the Scopes Trial.
The ACLU asked John T. Scopes, a biology teacher, to challenge the Butler Act by teaching evolution.
John T. Scopes

16. The Fundamentalist Movement
After being arrested and put on trial, Scopes was found guilty, but the case was later overturned.
William Jennings Bryan led the prosecution.
After the trial, many fundamentalists withdrew from political activism.
William Jennings Bryan

17. Prohibition The Eighteenth Amendment prohibited alcohol.
It was intended to reduce unemployment, domestic violence, and poverty.
The Volstead Act made the enforcement of Prohibition the responsibility of the U.S. Treasury Department.

18. Prohibition
Until the 1900s, police powers–a government’s power to control people and property in the public’s interest, had been the job of the state governments.
Americans ignored the laws of Prohibition.

19. Prohibition Organized crime became big business.
In 1933, the ratification of the Twenty-first Amendment ended Prohibition.

20. 20.2 Cultural Innovations
 Art and Literature
Popular Culture

21. Art and Literature
During the 1920s, Americans began challenging traditional ideas and customs.
The artistic and unconventional, or Bohemian, lifestyle attracted artists and writers.
Manhattan’s Greenwich Village and Chicago’s South Side were considered centers of creativity, enlightenment, and freedom.

22. Art and Literature
The European art movement influenced American modernist artists.
Artists chose to express the modern experience in diverse manners.
Writing styles and subject matter varied.
Chicago poet Carl Sandburg used common speech to glorify the Midwest and American life.
Playwright Eugene O’Neill’s work focused on the search for meaning in modern society.
Carl Sandburg

23. Popular Culture
The 1920s were a time of economic prosperity for Americans.
Leisure time was spent enjoying sports, music, theater, and entertainment.
Radio, motion pictures, and newspapers gave rise to a new interest in sports.

24. Popular Culture
Babe Ruth, heavyweight champion Jack Dempsey, and others became famous celebrity athletes.
Motion pictures became increasingly popular.
The first “talking” picture, The Jazz Singer, was made in 1927.

25. Popular Culture The golden age of Hollywood began.
The mass media–radio, movies, newspapers, and magazines–helped break down the focus on local interests.
Mass media helped unify the nation and spread new ideas and attitudes.

26. 20.3 African American Culture
The Harlem Renaissance
African American Politics

27. The Harlem Renaissance
The Great Migration occurred when thousands of blacks from South moved to Northern cities.
New York City’s African American neighborhood of Harlem stimulated artistic development, racial pride, a sense of community, and political organization.
This became known as the Harlem Renaissance.

28. The Harlem Renaissance
Writer Claude McKay became the first important writer of the Harlem Renaissance.
His work expressed defiance and contempt of racism, which were very strong writing characteristics of this time.
Langston Hughes became the leading voice of the African American experience in the U.S.

29. The Harlem Renaissance
Louis Armstrong introduced jazz, a style of music influenced by Dixieland music and ragtime.
He became the first great cornet and trumpet soloist in jazz music.
Musician Duke Ellington and others started their careers in Harlem at the Cotton Club.

30. The Harlem Renaissance
Bessie Smith sang about love, poverty, and oppression, which were common in blues music.
The blues evolved from African American spirituals.

31. African American Politics
 African Americans created powerful voting blocs, which impacted election results in the North.
Oscar DePriest was elected as the first black representative from the North after African Americans voted as a block.
The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) battled against segregation and discrimination.

32. African American Politics
The NAACP supported anti- lynching legislation, which passed the House but failed in the Senate.
Jamaican black leader Marcus Garvey’s idea of “Negro Nationalism” glorified black culture and traditions.
He founded the Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA), which promoted black pride and unity.

33. African American Politics
He encouraged education for African Americans to gain economic and political power.
He also voiced the need for separation and independence from whites.
Garvey planned to create a settlement in Liberia in Africa for African Americans.

34. African American Politics
His plan caused middle class African Americans to distance themselves from him.
His ideas about black pride resurfaced during the civil rights movement in the 1960s.

35. Test Tomorrow!