1. Middle East Final Exam Review Geography Economic and Cultural Crossroads. Region based on religion (Islam) Arabic is the main language.

2. Geography Arid (Dry ) Very Little Rain Barren Desert. Middle East Final Exam Review

3. Geography Middle East Final Exam Review Little water. Rich in oil. Resources equals wealth

4. Geography Middle East Final Exam Review

5. Geography Middle East Final Exam Review Persian Gulf / Strait of Hormuz Rivers: Tigris and Euphrates (Mesopotamia), Nile, and the Jordan.

6. Geography Middle East Final Exam Review

7. Geography Middle East Final Exam Review

8. Geography Middle East Final Exam Review

9. Early Civilizations Mesopotamia Sumerians created cuneiform, wheeled vehicles, irrigation, and arches. Babylonians helped create system of codified law, Hammurabi’s code Middle East Final Exam Review

10. Early Civilizations Middle East Final Exam Review

11. Belief Systems Judaism Christianity Islam Middle East Final Exam Review

12. 9 th – 14th Centuries Achievements in arts and sciences. Higher literacy than Europe. Middle East Final Exam Review

13. Ottoman Empire Middle East Final Exam Review

14. Ottoman Empire Extensive trading network and well-run government. Ethnic tensions source of problems. Became known as the “Sick Man of Europe” Middle East Final Exam Review

15. European Imperialism Middle East Final Exam Review

16. Human Rights Violation 1.5 Million Concentration Camps in Deserts Middle East Final Exam Review

17. Turkish Nationalism 1.5 Million Concentration Camps in Deserts Middle East Final Exam Review

18. Turkish Nationalism Adopt modern practices and technologies of the West. New educational system, western law code, western clothing, Middle East Final Exam Review

19. Arab – Israeli Conflict Fought over the same land of Palestine. Zionists hope for homeland. 1917, the Balfour Declaration.. Britain promises self-rule to the Arabs as well. Middle East Final Exam Review

20. Arab-Israeli Conflict Middle East Final Exam Review War in the Suez (1956) Six-Day War 1967 (Golan Heights, Sinai Peninsula, Gaza Strip, and West bank). The Yom Kippur War, October 1973.

21. Terrorism Weapon of terrorism. 1987, West Bank and Gaza Strip began the Intifada. Palestinian refugees. Rise to Palestinian Liberation Organization. (PLO). Middle East Final Exam Review

22. Arab-Israeli Conflict 1978, Camp David Peace accords. Anwar al-Sadat was the 2nd president of Egypt Yasir Arafat, leader of the PLO. Middle East Final Exam Review

23. Islamic Fundamentalism Shah of Iran modernizes Iran. Ayatollah Khomeini in 1979 becomes the leader of the fundamentalist government. Govern according to the teachings of the Koran. Iranians seized the U.S. embassy. Middle East Final Exam Review

24. Islamic Fundamentalism Leader of the Islamic Revolution in Iran, which resulted in the exile of Shah Pahlavi and the creation of an Islamic State. He reversed the trends toward Westernization that the Shah had initiated and instead instituted Islamic law, or sharia, as the law of the land, making Iran a theocracy. Middle East Final Exam Review

25. Economics Middle East Final Exam Review OPEC limits the production of oil in world markets. 1973 Oil Embargo

26. Cold War Middle East Final Exam Review

27. War Middle East Final Exam Review

28. Terrorism Middle East Final Exam Review