1. Focus -Discuss what separates the Middle East and Europe as distinct cultural regions. -What allowed the Christian West to re-enter the Middle East?

2. Europe in the Middle East

3. Mid-East and WWI The British saw the Ottomans as the weak link in the enemy alliance, and concentrated on knocking them out of the war. When the Ottoman Empire collapsed in 1918, the Arabs found they had been betrayed(agreement to fight vs. Turks).

4. Cont… The British and the French concluded a secret treaty (the Sykes-Picot Agreement), to partition the Middle East between them, but the British had also promised via the Balfour Declaration the international Zionist movement their support in creating a Jewish homeland in Palestine. This area had a largely Arab population for over a thousand years.

5. Cont…. When the Ottomans departed, the Arabs proclaimed an independent state in Damascus, but were too weak, militarily and economically, to resist the European powers for long, and Britain and France soon established control and re-arranged the Middle East to suit themselves. Iraq and Palestine became British mandated territories, with one of Sherif Hussein's sons, Faisal, installed as King of Iraq.

6. Cont… Palestine was split in half, with the eastern half becoming Transjordan to provide a throne for another of Hussein's sons, Abdullah. The western half of Palestine was placed under direct British administration, and the already substantial Jewish population was allowed to increase, initially under British protection.

7. Cont… Turkey, having given up rule over the Arab World, now determined to secede from the Middle East and become culturally part of Europe. Ever since, Turkey has insisted that it is a European country and not part of the Middle East. (The creation of oil and the West)

8. Cont… During the 1920s and '30s Iraq, Syria and Egypt moved towards independence, although the British and French did not formally depart the region until they were forced to do so after World War II. But in Palestine the conflicting forces of Arab nationalism and Zionist colonization created a situation which the British could neither resolve nor extricate themselves from.

9. Cont… This struggle culminated in the 1947 United Nations plan to partition Palestine to create a Jewish state and a Palestinian state in the narrow space between the Jordan River and the Mediterranean. The Palestinians rejected this plan, the Zionist settlers declared the State of Israel in 1948, the Arab states intervened, and the Arabs were defeated in the resulting war.

10. Cont… About 800,000 Palestinians fled from areas annexed by Israel and became refugees in neighboring countries, thus creating the "Palestinian problem" which has bedeviled the region ever since.