1. Ethnic Conflict

2. STATES VS. NATIONS

3. THAILAND ???

4. So what makes a… “NATION” a nation? “STATE” a state?

5. KosovoTodayKosovo2008

6. STATE NATION “Recognized” boundaries“Recognized” boundaries Independent Political UnitIndependent Political Unit Internationally recognized by others (UN? US?) as sovereignInternationally recognized by others (UN? US?) as sovereign Has official currencyHas official currency Is defended / can be sustained (Iraq?)Is defended / can be sustained (Iraq?) Group of people sharing certain characteristics (usually cultural)Group of people sharing certain characteristics (usually cultural) Common identityCommon identity Not recognized as sovereignNot recognized as sovereign No official boundariesNo official boundaries No official currencyNo official currency Often unable to defendOften unable to defend

7. Kosovo Today Kosovo is a disputed landlocked region in the Balkans. Its majority is governed by the partially-recognized Republic of Kosovo. The Republic of Serbia does not recognize the secession of the province and considers Kosovo a United Nations-governed entity within its sovereign territory, the Autonomous Province of Kosovo and Metohija. In February 2008, the Assembly of Kosovo declared Kosovo's independence as the Republic of Kosovo. As of April 29, 2012, its independence is recognised by 96 (out of 193) UN member states.

8. STATES Political units with sovereignty

9. Exercise of power over people and territory.Exercise of power over people and territory. Boundaries / authority recognizedBoundaries / authority recognized by other states. Sovereignty

10. State Territoriality (“patriotism”) political unit Identity based on political unit: Not necessarily on culture, ideology, or beliefs “I am an American.” “I am a Nigerian.”

11. NATION A cultural group with a territorial identity: a sense of a “homeland ” 5,000 Over 5,000 ethnic “nations” cannot all become states, yet many are large enough to survive (larger than some states)

12. Basques in Spain/France Québecois in Canada Ethnic Territoriality (“nationalism”) ethnicity Identity based on ethnicity, not necessarily political boundaries

13. NATION-STATE State with “one” nation (none “pure” but some close) Nearly all states multiethnic (more than one nation) Nation and state border virtually identical

14. Nation-States and Multiethnic States

15. Nations without a state Kurds Hmong Roma(Gypsies)

16. National Congruence Desire for state boundaries to match ethnic boundaries * If majority does not want minority * If minority wants self-determination Boundaries of Albania in different eras Iran: PersiansPersians Shi’aShi’a Farsi (language)Farsi (language)

17. Religious Territoriality States defined by religion Iran Vatican City Israel SaudiArabia VaticanCity

18. Racial Territoriality States defined by race White supremacist map for a racial partition of the U.S. South Africa’s white and black areas under Apartheid (racial separation)

19. Apartheid South African Apartheid (racial separation), 1948-94 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lKCJWjqjQww

20. South African Black Homelands 76% of population given 13% of land; denied citizenship in rest (ethnocide) “Bantustans” forced on Blacks

21. Core Group States are often constructed around / led by a dominant ethnic, racial or religious group English in U.K. Whites in U.S. Russians in U.S.S.R. & Russia

22. Soviet Union Secession Separation from state (independence) Quebec Secession Voting Kosovo Commonwealth of Independent States

23. Confederalism Transfer / dissolution of most power from core group / central government to regions Confederate States of America declared 1861. Bosnia after civil war ended in 1995, divided into Bosnian-Serb and Muslim-Croat regions

24. Break-Up of Yugoslavia1990s “Balkanization”

25. Former Yugoslavia Today Slovenia 1990 Croatia 1991 Bosnia 1992 Macedonia 1992 Serbia Serbia (remained “Yugoslavia” with Montenegro until 2003) Montenegro 2006 Kosovo 2008 Is Vojvodina next? Kosovo PRISTINA

26. Why ethnic conflict? Because difference naturally causes conflict?Because difference naturally causes conflict? But difference does not always cause conflict.But difference does not always cause conflict. Conflicts also erupt between similar peoples!Conflicts also erupt between similar peoples!

27. Northern Ireland (Catholics vs. Protestants) Same race, languageSame race, language Different religion (and ethnic group? class?)Different religion (and ethnic group? class?) Protestant majority for staying in U.K.; Catholic minority for joining Ireland.Protestant majority for staying in U.K.; Catholic minority for joining Ireland.

28. Same race, language, religion Different ethnic group; one favored by colonialists No major ethnic issues until colonial power entered (Belgians) Genocide against Tutsi minority, 1994 (3 weeks: 100,000+ dead) Rwanda Rwanda / Congo (Hutus vs. Tutsis)

29. O.J.

30. Congo...Today International Business Times (1/2/2012) By Palash R. Ghosh Many people think that World War III has never occurred – but they would be wrong. A third 'World War' did indeed occur and it killed at least 5 million people (mostly from disease and starvation) – some estimated place the death toll much higher. Between 1998 and 2003, an extremely complex and chaotic civil war engulfed the Democratic Republic of Congo (DR Congo) -- a vast, thickly-jungled nation in Central Africa the size of Western Europe. While the estimated 5,000,000 death toll from this war pales in comparison to the 15,000,000 lives lost during World War I, and the 60,000,000 who perished in the Second World War -- the DR Congo inferno was nonetheless was one of the ten deadliest wars in recorded history. http://topics.edition.cnn.com/topics/democratic_republic_of_the_congo topics.edition.cnn.com/topics/democratic_republic_of_the_congo http:// http:// www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ov6SIYofcdY&feature=relatedwww.youtube.com/watch?v=Ov6SIYofcdY&feature=related http:// http:// www.raisehopeforcongo.org/content/conflict-minerals-company-rankingswww.raisehopeforcongo.org/content/conflict-minerals-company-rankings http://www.ibtimes.com/articles/275297/20120102/congo-world-war-nobody-knows.htm Congo: The “World War” Nobody Knows About

31. Bosnia (Serbs vs. Muslims vs. Croats) Same race, same languageSame race, same language Different religion, so different “ethnic” group?Different religion, so different “ethnic” group? Intermarried, cooperated, 1950s-80s; At war 1990sIntermarried, cooperated, 1950s-80s; At war 1990s Muslim and Serb refugees from Sarajevo http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-17636907

32. Ethnic conflict as a tool to… Mask economic / colonial hierarchy.Mask economic / colonial hierarchy. Divert majority citizensDivert majority citizens from economic crisis. from economic crisis. Prevent poor of different ethnic groups from uniting (divide and conquer).Prevent poor of different ethnic groups from uniting (divide and conquer).

33. Geopolitics of the Middle East Western influence in the Middle East 1948: Israel (re)created by U.N.*1948: Israel (re)created by U.N.* In a mostly Arabic region, most reject / resent the decision by Core countries to assist in creation of Israel in what they consider their homeland (culturally, historically, religiously) for ~3,000 years Cultural bias on part of Core countries? Palestinian Newspaper * Partition Plan: * Partition Plan: signifies the birth of what has come to be recognized as continuous trouble for the U.S. (mostly) in the Middle East

34. Jewish State Jewish State (Israel) (Israel) Arab State (Palestine) International Zone International Zone (Jerusalem) (Jerusalem)1948: UN Partition Plan

35. Jerusalem: Holy City to Jews, Muslims, and Christians

37. 20 th Century History of Israel / Palestine

39. Nation? State? Nation-State? Concept? Occupied Lands? Palestine:

40. West Bank Gaza Strip Arab (ethnic) territoriality Palestinians are multi-religious: Mostly Muslims but many Christians -Mostly Muslims but many Christians Ethnic nationalist movement, but some newer Muslim groups Palestinians

41. The Main Issue: From Palestinian point of view:From Palestinian point of view: –Israel is made of land taken from the Arab World –Anyone who supports Israel is part of the problem (Western Countries: ethnocentrism?) From Israel’s point of view:From Israel’s point of view: –Israel is Jewish holy land, rightfully returned –Under constant threat / attack SOLUTIONS ANYONE?SOLUTIONS ANYONE?