1. Oral radiology II

2. X-Ray Machine The X-ray machine consist of: 1) head A) tube
B) cone and accessories
2) Control panel and timer
3) Adjusting arm

3. INTRAORAL X-RAY FILM
Periapical View
Bitewing View
Occlusal View

5. Periapical View Periapical View Film packs corne in three sizes:
0 for small children (22 X 35mm)
1, which is relatively narrow and used for views of the anterior teeth (24 X40mm)
2, the standard film size used for adults (31 X 41 mm)

6. Processing X-Ray Film Manual processing Rapid processing chemicals
Automatic Film Processing

7. MANUAL PROCESSING

8. Developer – water - fixer

9. Automatic Film Processing

10. GENERAL STEPS FOR MAKING AN EXPOSURE
Greet and seat the patient.
Adjust the x-ray unit setting.
position the tube head.
Wash hands thoroughly.
Examine the oral cavity.
Position the film.
position the x-ray tube.
Make the exposure.

11. Factors Affecting Quality of Image
Factors affecting the image are related to:
Machine
Object
Film
Processing of film

12. Periapical X-rays
show the whole tooth -- from the crown to beyond the end of the root to where the tooth is anchored in the jaw. Each periapical X-ray shows this full tooth dimension and includes all the teeth in one portion of either the upper or lower jaw. Periapical X-rays are used to detect any abnormalities of the root structure and surrounding bone structure

13. Preapical radiography
Two intraoral projection techniques are commonly used for periapical radiography:
the paralleling technique and
the bisecting-angle technique

17. The vertical angulations

18. Horizontal angulations
Incisors /0/
Mandibular canine /45/
Maxillary canine /60-75/
Premolars/70-80/
Molars/80-90/

19. Maxillary Incisors A - Nasal septum B - Inferior concha
C - Nasal fossa
D - Nasal spine
E - Incisive foramen
F – Nose
G - Median palatine suture

20. Incisive foramen

21. Nasal septum

22. Maxillary Canine
A = Floor of nasal fossa B = Maxillary sinus C = Lateral fossa D = Nose

23. a = floor of nasal fossa b = maxillary sinus c = lateral fossa a & b form inverted Y

24. Maxillary Premolar A = Sinus recess B = Sinus septum
C = Zygomatic Process
D = Maxillary sinus

25. a = Zygomatic Process
b = sinus recess
c = sinus septum
d = maxillary sinus

26. Maxillary Molar ِِA- Zygoma B - Maxillary sinus C - Sinus recess
D - Maxillary tuberosity
E - Coronoid process
F - Hamular Process
G - Pterygoid plate

27. a = maxillary tuberosity* b = coronoid process
c = hamular process d = pterygoid plates
e = zygoma (dotted lines)
f = maxillary sinus g = sinus recess

28. Mandibular Incisors A = Mental fossa B = Lingual foramen
C = Genial tubercles
D = Mental ridge

29. Lingual foramen. Radiolucent “hole” in center of genial tubercles
Lingual foramen. Radiolucent “hole” in center of genial tubercles. Lingual nutrient vessels pass through this foramen

30. Mandibular Canine
A = Mental ridge B = Lingual foramen C = Genial tubercles D = Cortical bone E = Mental foramen

31. Mandibular Premolar
A = Mylohyoid ridge B = Submandibular gland fossa C = Mandibular canal D = Mental foramen

32. The mental foramen (blue arrow) is adjacent to a periapical lesion associated with tooth # 21 (red arrow). There is slight external resorption on # 21

33. Mandibular Molar A = External oblique ridge
B = Mylohyoid ridge (internal oblique)
C = Submandibular gland fossa
D = Mandibular canal

34. a = external oblique ridge b = mylohyoid ridge
c = mandibular canal d = submandibular gland fossa

35. Radiation Safety & Protection

37. THANK YOU