1. By: Claire/Lisa Nixon

2.  Camera Obscura  Daguerreotypes  Calotypes  Film Photography  Digital photography

3.  Camera Obscura means dark room in Latin.  Camera Obscura is also known as a pinhole camera  Light rays pass through a tiny hole and recreate themselves upside down on a screen that is placed parallel to the hole.  The Obscura was invented in the 19 th century.

6.  The camera obscura was first invented by Ibn al- Haytham, also known as Alhazen, the father of optics.  He was a Muslim scientist, astronomer, mathematician, and philosopher.  He was born in Basra, which is present day Iraq, 965 A.D.  He was influenced by Aristotle.  Published more than two hundred Latin books.  He died in Cairo, Egypt in 1040 A.D., at the age of seventy-four.

7.  The heliograph was invented by Frenchman Joseph-Nicephore Niepce.  Niepce was born in 1765 in Chalon-sur-Saône, France.  As a child he had a strong interest in chemistry and when as an adult he became an amateur scientist and inventor.  He served as an officer in the French Revolutionary Army.  Returns home from war and starts experiments for the heliograph.  Niepce joins Daguerre and together they come up with the heliograph.  Niepce died of a stroke on July 5 th, 1833.  Louis Daguerre later goes on to invent the Daguerreotype.

8. Taken in Gras, France. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YS yD5-ye1b0

9.  Louis-Jacques-Mande Daguerre invented the daguerreotype in 1839.  A daguerreotype is made by treating a silver-coated copper plate with light- sensitive chemicals, exposing it in a camera, and developing it with a mercury vapor.  http://petapixel.com/2013/04/27/photogra pher-films-beautiful-ode-to-the-process-of- developing-a-daguerreotype/ http://petapixel.com/2013/04/27/photogra pher-films-beautiful-ode-to-the-process-of- developing-a-daguerreotype/

10.  Born on Nov. 18th, 1787 in Cormeilles-en- Parisis, Val-d’Oise, France.  Daguerre studied architecture, theater design, and panoramic painting.  In 1829, Daguerre partnered with Joseph Niépce, that lasted until Niépce died four years later.  Daguerre died of heart failure on July 12 th, 1851.

12.  A sheet of high-quality paper with salt and a solution of silver nitrate, and the inventor Talbot, found that the paper would darken in the sun.  Calotypes allowed photographers to make multiple prints on one negative.  http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AGCLRn g9m5w http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AGCLRn g9m5w

13.  Born February 11 th 1800 in Melbury, Dorset.  Attended Cambridge in 1817.  Talbot was a scientist, botanist, scholar, and inventor.  His lack of drawing caused him to invent the calotype.  He died on September 11 th 1877.

15.  Invented in 1880 by George Eastman.  Eastman wanted to make photography more simple, so everyone could enjoy photography not just trained professionals.  The first film camera was introduced in 1888 and cost $25, known as Kodak.  Film with protective lightproof backing paper wound onto a spool.  http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CY7OeJ mwnJ0 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CY7OeJ mwnJ0

16.  Born on July 12 th,1854 in Waterville, NY.  Dropped out of school at fourteen.  Started work as a messenger boy for an insurance company.  He experiment with photography for three years before opening his own business.  He was an inventor, a marketer, a global visionary, and a philanthropist.  He died on March 14 th, 1932.

18.  The first digital camera was invented by Kodak in 1975.  The first camera recorded black and white images, on a cassette tape.  It had 0.1 megapixels, and weighed eight pounds.  It took 23 seconds to record and image onto the cassette tape, using the camera.

19.  Born on July 4 th,1950 in Brooklyn, NY.  Worked as an electrical engineer for Kodak. http://www.lomography.com/magazine/lifestyle/2011/04/13/inven tor-portrait-steven-sasson-inventor-of-the-digital-camera

21.  Schwartz, Charles. "About the Camera Obscura." About the Camera Obscura. N.p., n.d. Web. 01 Dec. 2013.  Johnson, Howard. "Art Essays #0007 On Philosophy, & Art Philosophy by Contemporary AmericanArtist Howard David Johnson." Weblog post. Art Essays #0007 On Philosophy, & Art Philosophy by Contemporary AmericanArtist Howard David Johnson. N.p., n.d. Web. 01 Dec. 2013.  Teresa, Adriana. "FotoVisura Features » History: Louis Daguerre & The Daguerrotype (1838)." FotoVisura Features RSS. N.p., n.d. Web. 08 Dec. 2013.  "Joseph Nicephore Niepce - Pione." Joseph Nicephore Niepce - Pione. N.p., n.d. Web. 08 Dec. 2013.  "Louis Daguerre." Louis Daguerre. N.p., n.d. Web. 08 Dec. 2013.  BBC News. BBC, n.d. Web. 10 Dec. 2013.  Schaaf, Larry. "Darkest Room | William Henry Fox Talbot." Darkest Room. N.p., n.d. Web. 10 Dec. 2013.  Kodak. "George Eastman." George Eastman. N.p., n.d. Web. 10 Dec. 2013.

22.  Johnson, Howard. "Art Essays #0007 On Philosophy, & Art Philosophy by Contemporary AmericanArtist Howard David Johnson." Weblog post. Art Essays #0007 On Philosophy, & Art Philosophy by Contemporary AmericanArtist Howard David Johnson. N.p., n.d. Web. 01 Dec. 2013.  Brightbytesstudio. Wooden Box Camera Obscuras from the Wilgus Collection Page 1. Digital image. Wooden Box Camera Obscuras from the Wilgus Collection Page 1. N.p., n.d. Web. 01 Dec. 2013.  Wright, Patrick R. "A Beautiful Video of the Daguerreotype Process." PetaPixel RSS. N.p., 27 Apr. 2013. Web. 08 Dec. 2013.  "Information for the Press." Current Press Releases · George Eastman House Rochester. N.p., n.d. Web. 10 Dec. 2013.  Youtube. "How to Load 35mm Film into Development Tank." YouTube. YouTube, 02 Apr. 2010. Web. 10 Dec. 2013.  Lomography Is a Passionate Community Dedicated to Analog Photography. The Lomography Shop Stocks a Huge Range of Cameras and Films. Start Your Analog Adventure Today!" Lomography. N.p., n.d. Web. 10 Dec. 2013.