1. May 9, 2013 A woman previously diagnosed with a psychological disorder was caught on videotape stealing a police car. The police officers used restrain, even after she threatened them with what appeared to be a weapon, and took her into custody unharmed. After the incident, her husband appealed to lawmakers to change the law that allows someone who has been diagnosed with a psychological disorder to refuse treatment. The woman’s family believed that the incident could have been avoided if they had been allowed to admit her psychiatric care.  Your Question to answer on a sheet of paper Should the laws be changed? Under what circumstances should someone’s caregivers be able to force treatment?

3. What are Psychological Disorders - Intro story page 447  Difficult to draw a line between normal and abnormal behavior  Just because a person is different does not necessarily mean that he or she is suffering from mental illness

4. Defining and identifying psychological Disorders  Popular ways of drawing the line between normal and abnormal behavior Deviation from Normality ○ Whatever most people do is the norm therefore any deviation is abnormal ○ Majority is not always right or best Adjustment ○ Normal people are able to get along in the world – physically, emotionally, and socially When psychological problems become severe enough to disrupt everyday life it is thought of as an abnormality or illness

5. The Problem of Classification  Psychological problems cannot be categorized the same way that physical illnesses can  Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) 1. Essential Features – characteristics that define the disorder 2. Associated Features – Additional features 3. Differential Diagnosis – how to distinguish this disorder from other disorders 4. Diagnostic Criteria – List of symptoms

6. The Problem of Classification  DSM-IV Often a person shows more than one disorder or may be experiencing other stresses that complicate the diagnosis Axes – each axis reflects a different aspect of a patient’s case ○ Axis I – classify current symptoms into defined categories ○ Axis II – Describe developmental disorders and long standing personality disorders or traits such as compulsiveness, over-dependency, or aggressiveness

7. The Problem of Classification  Axis III – describe physical disorders or general medical conditions that are potentially relevant to understanding or caring for the person  Axis IV – measurement of the current stress level at which the person is functioning  Axis V – describes the highest level of adaptive functioning present within the past year

8. Anxiety Disorders  Anxiety is a general state of dread or uneasiness that a person feels in response to real or imagined danger  Anxious people have difficulty forming stable and satisfying relationships

9. Generalized Anxiety Disorder  Anxiety can develop into a full fledged panic attack Choking sensations, chest pains, dizziness, trembling, and hot flashes  People become so preoccupied with internal problems they neglect social relationships and have trouble dealing with family and friends

10. Generalized Anxiety Disorder  Why are people anxious? Some theorists stress the role of learning ○ Example: If a man feels very anxious on a date and the thought of another date makes him nervous he learns to avoid dates and never unlearns the behavior Environmental Factors ○ Unpredictable traumatic experiences in childhood can allow people to develop an anxiety disorder

11. Phobic Disorder  Phobia – when severe anxiety is focused on a particular object, animal, activity, or situation that seems out of proportion to the real dangers involved  Phobic individuals develop elaborate plans to avoid the situation  Phobias range from mild to extremely severe  One form of treatment is to provide opportunities for the phobic person to experience the feared object under SAFE conditions

12. Phobia Poster!!!! YAY!  Pick a Phobia – any phobia will do Phobialist.com  REQUIREMENTS FOR POSTER Define the phobia Symptoms of the phobia Impacts of the phobia – socially, privately etc. Visual Representation of the phobia Steps to overcome the phobia

13. Panic Disorder  Panic Disorder – extreme anxiety that shows itself in the form of panic attacks Panic Attacks ○ Victims experience sudden and unexplainable attacks of intense anxiety ○ Feel that doom is inevitable and he or she is about to die ○ Sense of smothering, choking, difficulty breathing, dizziness, nausea and chest pains ○ Last a few minutes but occur with no warning

14. Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder  Obsession – uncontrollable pattern of thoughts  Compulsions – repeatedly perform coping behaviors  Obsessive – Compulsive Disorder – puts obsessions and compulsions together

15. Obsessive-Compulsive Disorders  When is it a problem? When thoughts and activities interfere with what a person wants and needs to do

16. Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder  PTSD – person who has experienced a traumatic event feels severe and long-lasting aftereffects May begin immediately or develop later Involuntary flashbacks or recurring nightmares Not everyone who experiences traumatic events experience PTSD

17. Somatoform Disorders  Conversion Disorders Conversion of emotional difficulties into the loss of a specific physiological function ○ Can result in a real and prolonged handicap: person literally cannot feel or move anything

18. Somatoform Disorders  Hypochondriasis – a person who is in good health becomes preoccupied with imaginary ailments

19. Dissociative Disorders  Dissociative Disorder – significant breakdown in a person’s normal conscious experience – loss of memory or identity

20. Dissociative Disorders  Dissociative Amnesia – attempt to escape from problems by blotting them out completely Often results from a traumatic event

21. Dissociative Disorders  Dissociative Fugue – amnesia is coupled with active flight to a different environment Example: A Woman may suddenly disappear and wake up three days later in a restaurant 200 miles from home ○ She may repress all knowledge of a previous life ○ May last a few days or for decades

22. Dissociative Disorders  Dissociative Identity Disorder (multiple personality disorder) Eve White – 22 personalities Sybil – 16 personalities These cases are extremely rare and controversial ○ People diagnosed with this disorder usually suffered from severe physical. Psychological, or sexual abuse ○ Learned to dissociate themselves from stressful events by forgetting them

23. Schizophrenia and Mood Disorders  Schizophrenics have difficulty using language to communicate Will not remember the beginning of a sentence and then finish it with an unrelated thought  People with schizophrenia may withdraw from normal life and reach an irrational, fear-laden, and unimaginable ways that are difficult for others to understand

24. Schizophrenia  What is Schizophrenia? Problems with cognition but also emotions, perceptions and motor functions Affects 1 in 100 people in the world ○ 1 in 10 if schizophrenia runs in the family Involves confused and disordered thoughts and perceptions and the person has lost contact with reality There is no single cause or cure

25. Types of Schizophrenia  Paranoid Type Involves hallucinations and delusions  Catatonic Type Remain motionless for long periods  Disorganized Type Incoherent language, inappropriate emotions  Remission Type Symptoms are completely gone or still exist but are not severe enough

26. Causes of Schizophrenia  Many Theories  Biological Influences Genetics is involved Identical Twins – If one twin develops schizophrenia only 42% of the twin’s siblings will develop it 4 Identical Girls in 1930

27. Causes of Schizophrenia  Biochemistry and Physiology Too much or too little of certain chemicals in the brain Chemicals do play a role but it’s hard to tell if these chemicals are the cause of Schizophrenia or the result of it

28. Mood Disorders  We all experience mood swings  Major Depressive Disorder People spend at least two weeks feeling depressed, sad, anxious, fatigued and agitated Reduced ability to function and interact with others

29. Bipolar Disorder  Individuals are excessively and inappropriately happy or unhappy Manic Phase – person has extreme confusion, distractibility and racing thoughts ○ People may behave as if they need less sleep and their activity level usually increases Depressive Phase – overcome with feelings of failure, sinfulness, worthlessness, and despair

30. Seasonal Affective Disorder  Develop a deep depression in the midst of winter Many of these people can be treated by sitting under bright fluorescent lights during the evening or early morning hours

31. Suicide and Depression  Not all people who commit suicide are depressed – not all depressed people attempt suicide  1 suicide occurs every 16 seconds  Women ATTEMPT suicide more than men but...  Men SUCCEED in suicide more than women

32. Personality Disorders  People generally do not suffer from acute anxiety nor do they behave in unexplainable ways

33. Antisocial Personality  Once referred to as sociopaths or psychopaths  Exhibit a persistent disregard for and violation of others’ rights  Treat people as objects – things used for gratification and then cast them aside  Getting caught doing something wrong does not seem to bother them  Guilt and anxiety have not place in their world

34. Drug Addiction  Psychological Dependence – Users depend so much on the feeling of well being they get from the drug they feel compelled to keep using the drug Alcohol, caffeine, nicotine, marijuana  Addiction – if the drug is not in the body the user will experience extreme physical discomfort  Withdrawals – state of physical and psychological upset in which the body and mind revolt against but eventually gets used to the absence of the drug