1. Cell Structure Review

2. Cell Structure 1. What is a prokaryote? Prokaryotes are single-celled organisms whose cells lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles. 2. Give an example of a prokaryote. Bacteria Achaeans Cyanobacteria

3. Cell Structure Name and give the function of the structure indicated. The cell shown is a prokaryote. 3

4. Cell Structure Name and give the function of the structure indicated. The cell shown is a prokaryote. Pili Elongate, hollow appendages used in transfers of DNA to other cells.

5. Cell Structure Name and give the function of the structure indicated. The cell shown is a prokaryote. 4

6. Cell Structure Name and give the function of the structure indicated. The cell shown is a prokaryote. Plasmid Double-stranded DNA structure carrying extra genes.

7. Cell Structure Name and give the function of the structure indicated. The cell shown is a prokaryote. 5

8. Cell Structure Name and give the function of the structure indicated. The cell shown is a prokaryote. Ribosomes Tiny particles composed of protein and RNA that are the sites of protein synthesis.

9. Cell Structure Name and give the function of the structure indicated. The cell shown is a prokaryote. 6

10. Cell Structure Name and give the function of the structure indicated. The cell shown is a prokaryote. Cytoplasm A water-based solution filling the entire cell.

11. Cell Structure Name and give the function of the structure indicated. The cell shown is a prokaryote. 7

12. Cell Structure Name and give the function of the structure indicated. The cell shown is a prokaryote. Cell wall A semi-rigid casing composed of peptidoglycans that provides structural support and shape for the cell.

13. Cell Structure Name and give the function of the structure indicated. The cell shown is a prokaryote. 8

14. Cell Structure Name and give the function of the structure indicated. The cell shown is a prokaryote. Capsule An outer coating that protects the cell and helps it adhere to surfaces.

15. Cell Structure Name and give the function of the structure indicated. The cell shown is a prokaryote. 9

16. Cell Structure Name and give the function of the structure indicated. The cell shown is a prokaryote. Flagellum A rotating filament that moves the cell forward and provides motility.

17. Cell Structure Name and give the function of the structure indicated. The cell shown is a prokaryote. 10

18. Cell Structure Name and give the function of the structure indicated. The cell shown is a prokaryote. Cell membrane A thin sheet of lipid and protein that surrounds the cytoplasm and controls the flow of materials into and out of the cell.

19. Cell Structure Name and give the function of the structure indicated. The cell shown is a prokaryote. 11

20. Cell Structure Name and give the function of the structure indicated. The cell shown is a prokaryote. Fimbriae Fine, hair-like bristles extending from the cell surface that help in adhesion to other cells and surfaces.

21. Cell Structure Name and give the function of the structure indicated. The cell shown is a prokaryote. 12

22. Cell Structure Name and give the function of the structure indicated. The cell shown is a prokaryote. Nucleoid Composed of condensed DNA molecule. DNA directs all genetics and heredity of the cell and codes for proteins.

23. Cell Structure 13. What is a eukaryote? Eukaryotes are organisms whose cells contain a nucleus and membrane organelles. 14. Give an example of a eukaryote. Animals PlantsFungi

24. Cell Structure Name and give the function of the structure indicated. The cell shown is a eukaryote. 15

25. Cell Structure Name and give the function of the structure indicated. The cell shown is a eukaryote. A jelly-like substance inside the cell’s membrane but outside the cell’s nucleus. It contains the organelles and substances needed for chemical reactions. Cytoplasm

26. Cell Structure Name and give the function of the structure indicated. The cell shown is a eukaryote. 16

27. Cell Structure Name and give the function of the structure indicated. The cell shown is a eukaryote. Mitochondria The powerhouse of the cell. It converts chemical energy stored in food (glucose, amino acids, fatty acids) into usable compounds, like ATP.

28. Cell Structure Name and give the function of the structure indicated. The cell shown is a eukaryote. 17

29. Cell Structure Name and give the function of the structure indicated. The cell shown is a eukaryote. Ribosomes The most numerous organelles in a cell. The ribosome is the site of protein synthesis. Some are attached to the endoplasmic reticulum and some are free- floating in the cytoplasm.

30. Cell Structure Name and give the function of the structure indicated. The cell shown is a eukaryote. 18

31. Cell Structure Name and give the function of the structure indicated. The cell shown is a eukaryote. Centrioles Found only in animal cells, these structures are made of microtubules. They act as a template onto which other functional structures can be built, like centrosomes and cilia.

32. Cell Structure Name and give the function of the structure indicated. The cell shown is a eukaryote. 19 Hint: This structure is used for storage.

33. Cell Structure Name and give the function of the structure indicated. The cell shown is a eukaryote. Vacuoles Large, membranous sacs that store material like water, proteins, salts, and sugars. Plants have a very large one that helps keep the plant upright. Paramecia use special ones that contract to pump excess water out of the cell.

34. Cell Structure Name and give the function of the structure indicated. The cell shown is a eukaryote. 20 Hint: This structure is not found in plant cells.

35. Cell Structure Name and give the function of the structure indicated. The cell shown is a eukaryote. Lysosome These membranous sacs carry digestive enzymes that breakdown and recycle macro- molecules, like lipids, complex carbohydrates, and proteins. They also breakdown organelles that are no longer useful.

36. Cell Structure Name and give the function of the structure indicated. The cell shown is a eukaryote. 21

37. Cell Structure Name and give the function of the structure indicated. The cell shown is a eukaryote. Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) An elaborate membrane network studded with ribosomes. It is the site where polypeptides are folded and assembled into secretory proteins, like insulin and hemoglobin. Membrane components are also made here.

38. Cell Structure Name and give the function of the structure indicated. The cell shown is a eukaryote. 22

39. Cell Structure Name and give the function of the structure indicated. The cell shown is a eukaryote. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) An elaborate membrane network where carbohydrates, lipids, hormones, and steroids are made. It also produces enzymes that help get rid of toxins, such as drugs.

40. Cell Structure Name and give the function of the structure indicated. The cell shown is a eukaryote. 23

41. Cell Structure Name and give the function of the structure indicated. The cell shown is a eukaryote. Nucleus A large structure which contains chromosomes, which in turn contain the cell’s genetic material in the form of DNA. It is like the brain of the cell.

42. Cell Structure Name and give the function of the structure indicated. The cell shown is a eukaryote. 24

43. Cell Structure Name and give the function of the structure indicated. The cell shown is a eukaryote. Nucleolus An area inside the nucleus made up of RNA and protein and plays a role in the formation of ribosomes.

44. Cell Structure Name and give the function of the structure indicated. The cell shown is a eukaryote. 25 Hint: It is not a vacuole or lysosome.

45. Cell Structure Name and give the function of the structure indicated. The cell shown is a eukaryote. Vesicles Small, bubble-like membrane structures that store and transport cellular products. They originate from the endomembrane system.

46. Cell Structure Name and give the function of the structure indicated. The cell shown is a eukaryote. 26

47. Cell Structure Name and give the function of the structure indicated. The cell shown is a eukaryote. Golgi body This organelle receives proteins and lipids from the ER where they are modified, sorted, and packaged for transport in and out of the cell. It is known as the “warehouse’ or “shipping station.”

48. Cell Structure Name and give the function of the structure indicated. The cell shown is a eukaryote. 27

49. Cell Structure Name and give the function of the structure indicated. The cell shown is a eukaryote. Cell (plasma) membrane Made of a lipid bilayer, this structure controls what enters and leaves the cell. It also protects and supports the cell.

50. Cell Structure Name and give the function of the structure indicated. The cell shown is eukaryotic. 28 This is a diagram of an epithelial cell in the lining of the small intestine. This is a picture from a scanning electron microscope.

51. Cell Structure Name and give the function of the structure indicated. The cell shown is eukaryotic. Microvilli Microvilli are tiny hair- like folds in the plasma membrane that extend from the surface of many absorptive and secretory cells. They are about 10 times smaller than cilia. This is a picture from a scanning electron microscope.

52. Cell Structure Name and give the function of the structure indicated. The cells shown are eukaryotic. 29 This is a diagram of epithelial cells in the lining of the respiratory tract This is a picture from a scanning electron microscope.

53. Cell Structure Name and give the function of the structure indicated. The cells shown are eukaryotic. Cilia Cilia are tiny hair- like projections that line the surface of certain cells and beat in rhythmic waves, providing locomotion to ciliate protozoans and moving liquids along internal epithelial tissue in animals. This is a picture from a scanning electron microscope.

54. Cell Structure Name and give the function of the structure indicated. The cell shown is a eukaryote. 30 Paramecium, a microscopic, pond organism. Hint: They are involved in osmoregulation.

55. Cell Structure Name and give the function of the structure indicated. The cell shown is a eukaryote. Contractile vacuole Paramecium, a microscopic, pond organism. A special vacuole that contracts over and over again to pump excess water outside of the cell.

56. Cell Structure Name and give the function of the structure indicated. The cell shown is a eukaryote. 31 Euglena, a microscopic, photosynthetic pond organism.

57. Cell Structure Name and give the function of the structure indicated. The cell shown is a eukaryote. Flagellum A whip-like appendage that cells use to help them move about. Euglena, a microscopic, photosynthetic pond organism.

58. Cell Structure Name and give the function of the structure indicated. The cell shown is a eukaryote. 32 Hint: These organelles contain the pigment chlorophyll, which gives them their green color. Euglena, a microscopic, photosynthetic pond organism.

59. Cell Structure Name and give the function of the structure indicated. The cell shown is a eukaryote. Chloroplasts Chloroplasts convert solar energy into chemical energy stored in food, a process called photosynthesis. Euglena, a microscopic, photosynthetic pond organism.

60. Cell Structure Name and give the function of the structure indicated. The cell shown is eukaryotic. 33

61. Cell Structure Name and give the function of the structure indicated. The cell shown is eukaryotic. Central vacuole A large vacuole found in plants that contains sap. It also functions to maintain turgor pressure against the cell wall.

62. Cell Structure Name and give the function of the structure indicated. The cell shown is eukaryotic. 34 Hint: These organelles contain the pigment chlorophyll, which gives them their green color.

63. Cell Structure Name and give the function of the structure indicated. The cell shown is eukaryotic. Chloroplasts Chloroplasts convert solar energy into chemical energy stored in food, a process called photosynthesis.

64. Cell Structure Name and give the function of the structure indicated. The cell shown is eukaryotic. 35

65. Cell Structure Name and give the function of the structure indicated. The cell shown is eukaryotic. Cell wall The cell wall is a strong, supporting layer around the membrane in some cells. In plants, it is mainly composed of cellulose.

66. Cell Structure Name and give the function of the structure indicated. The cell shown is eukaryotic. 36

67. Cell Structure Name and give the function of the structure indicated. The cell shown is eukaryotic. Fiber-like structures that support the cell and are involved in cell division. In animal cells, these fibers help cells change shape and move about. Cytoskeleton: microtubules, intermediate filaments, and microfilaments

68. Cell Structure 37. Name three structures found in plant cells but not in animal cells. but not in animal cells.

69. Cell Structure 37. Name three structures found in plant cells but not in animal cells. but not in animal cells. Cell wall Central vacuole Chloroplast

70. Cell Structure 38. Name at least three structures found in animal cells but not in plant cells. animal cells but not in plant cells.

71. Cell Structure Lysosomes (rare) Centrioles Flagella Cilia 38. Name at least three structures found in animal cells but not in plant cells. animal cells but not in plant cells.