1. MEMBRANE CHARACTERIZATION ASEP MUHAMAD SAMSUDIN, S.T.,M.T. MEMBRANE SEPARATION

2. SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY (SEM) SEM is very simple and useful techniques for characterizing structure and morphology of membrane. A clear and concise picture of the membrane can be obtained in terms of the top layer, cross-section and bottom layer. Magnification in a SEM can be controlled from about 10 to 500,000 times The porosity and the pore size distribution can be estimated from the photographs. Care must be taken that the preparation techniques does not influence the actual porous structure. Source : http://en.wikipedia.orghttp://en.wikipedia.org

3. SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY (SEM) First Scanning Electron Microscope with high resolution from Manfred von Ardenne 1937 Source : www.ceo.msu.eduwww.ceo.msu.edu Source : http://en.wikipedia.orghttp://en.wikipedia.org

4. SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY (SEM) Flat SheetHollow Fiber

5. PERMEABILITY Retentate Permeate Feed membrane Cross-flow process

6. PERMEABILITY Dead-End process Source : www.sciencedirect.comwww.sciencedirect.com

7. FOURIER TRANSFORM INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY Source : www.ssi.shimadzu.comwww.ssi.shimadzu.com In membrane characterization, FTIR is used to determine the chemical composition of the membrane IR radiation is passed through a sample. Some of the infrared radiation is absorbed by the sample and some of it is passed through (transmitted) Infrared spectroscopy can result in a positive identification (qualitative analysis) of every different kind of material. In addition, the size of the peaks in the spectrum is a direct indication of the amount of material present. Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) spectrometry was developed in order to overcome the limitations encountered with dispersive instruments.,

8. FOURIER TRANSFORM INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY

9. BUBBLE POINT METHOD

11. SOLUTE REJECTION TEST (MWCO)

12. SoluteBM D-Alanine DL-Phenylananine Tryptophan Sucrose Raffinose Inulin PVP K15 Dextran T10 Myoglobin Α-Chymotrypsinogen Albumin Aldolase Lg Apoferitin lgM 89 165 204 342 594 5000 10000 17800 24500 67000 142000 160000 480000 960000