1. Asking a Question For years…..
____________________!
Maggots on meat
Mold on bread
Fruit Flies on bananas
How do new living things come into being?

2. Forming a Hypothesis
______________________– life could arise from non-living matter.
Beetles from dung
Mice from grain
All created by _________________________

3. Forming a Hypothesis Spontaneous Generation is a hypothesis!
1668 Francesco Redi
Italian physician
Proposed a hypothesis for appearance of maggots
Observed organisms (maggots) appeared on meat a few days after flies.
Thought….. “_______________?”

4. Forming a Hypothesis Proposed a new _________________: Next step:
Flies produce maggots, not meat
Next step:
TEST _____________________!

5. Setting up a Controlled Experiment
The factors in an experiment that can change are the ______________________.
________________________________________
__________________________________________.
Whenever possible, a hypothesis should be tested by an experiment in which only one variable is changed at a time. All other variables should be kept unchanged, or _____________.
_____________________________________

6. Setting up a Controlled Experiment
Variable that is deliberately changed = _____________________(manipulated variable)
Variable that is observed and that changes in response to the manipulated variable is called the = __________________(responding variable)
MILK LAB
What is the independent variable?
________________________________
What was dependent variable?
__________________________

7. Setting up a Controlled Experiment
Testing for maggots
How would you use meat to see if maggots are spontaneously generated from meat?
______________________________________
Work with your lab partner to create an experiment.
____________________________________

8. Setting up a Controlled Experiment
What are you going to control (___________variables)?
___________________

9. Setting up a Controlled Experiment
What is your independent variable (manipulated variable)?
___________________________
PAGE 9 EXPERIMENT

10. Recording and Analyzing Results
Archimedes 287 BC to 211 BC
Notebooks
Journals
Leonardo da Vinci 1452 to 1519
Archimedes - physics are the foundations of hydrostatics, statics and an explanation of the principle of the lever.

11. Galileo Galilei    
Historical Use
As long as people have been investigating natural phenomena, they have been keeping records of what they do.
Why?
It would appear that keeping records allows the investigator to go back and review original thoughts or to modify their thoughts. The science notebook is an integral part of the investigative process.

12. Drawing a Conclusion
Use data from an experiment to evaluate the hypothesis and draw a valid _____________.
Use evidence to determine if hypothesis was _____________or ___________________.
Redi’s results supported or refuted his hypothesis?
_______________________
HUGE ISSUE!
_______________________________________!

13. 1862 Pasteur & Spontaneous Generation
Curved neck flask & broth
Air was ___________to the source of life
Redi’s experiment did not allow air in
Pasteur believed __________________
were responsible for growth
-Curved flask let air in, but micro-
organisms could not enter.
*________________________!
Broke neck = full of microorganisms!
*FINALLY DISPROVED _________________________
______________________________!

14. How a Theory Develops
As evidence from numerous investigations builds up, a particular _______________may become so well supported, scientists consider it a theory.
In science, the word ___________applies to a well tested explanation that unifies a broad range of explanations.

15. Studying Life – 1.3 Objectives
Describe some characteristics of living things
Explain how life can be studied at different levels

16. Studying Life The word biology means the study of life
_______________is the science that seeks to understand the living world
A biologist is someone who uses ______________ methods to study living things

17. 8 Characteristics of Living Things
Living things share these characteristics:
_______________________
Reproduce
Based on a genetic code
______________________
Obtain and use materials & energy
Respond to their ________________
Maintain a stable internal environment
_______________________________

18. Made Up of Cells
Living things are made up of small, self-contained units called, __________.
_____________– collection of living _________ enclosed by a barrier that separates the cell from its surroundings.
______________are the __________units of an organism considered to be alive.
Very complex and highly ____________!

19. Made Up of Cells _____________organisms – single celled
_______________– many celled
Human body has at least 85 different types of cells!

20. Reproduction
All organisms produce new organisms through a process called ______________.
______________Reproduction– the cells from two different parents ________to produce the first cell of the new organism.
Maple trees
Birds
Humans

21. Reproduction
2. _______________Reproduction – new organism has a single parent. ______-_________organism divides in half to form two new organisms.

22. Based on a Genetic Code Offspring usually resemble their parents
______________Reproduction – offspring __________from their parents

23. Based on a Genetic Code
_______Reproduction – offspring and parents have the _________traits

24. Based on a Genetic Code
Directions for inherit traits is one of the greatest achievements of modern biology.
________
Deoxyribonucleic acid
Determines directions for
_____________

25. Growth and Development
All living things grow and develop
From ________fertilized egg cell  ____ death
Need for materials and energy
__________________
The combination of chemical reactions through which an organism builds up or breaks down materials as it carries out life processes.

26. Response to the Environment
A stimulus is a signal to which an organism responds.
If you are hungry, your stomach growls
Plant roots grown in the direction of gravity
_________of light & temperature are examples of factors that alter living things _______________.

27. Maintaining an Internal Balance
_______________– involves internal feedback mechanisms
Hot = sweat to cool you off
Increased heart rate, increase need
for oxygen, increase
breathing rate

28. Figure 1-21
PAGE 21

29. Tools & Procedures 1.4 Objectives
Describe the measurement system most scientists use
Explain how light microscopes and electron microscopes are similar and different
Describe two common laboratory techniques
Explain why it is important to work safely in biology

30. A Common Measurement System
Most scientists use the metric system when collecting data and performing experiments.
SI system; International System of Units
FIGURE 1-23 page 24

31. At what time of day is the rate of water released by leaves equal to the rate of water absorbed by roots?
FIGURE 1-24 page 25

32. Microscopes
Microscopes that produce magnified images of structures that are too small to see with the unaided eye.
______________microscopes – magnify images by focusing visible light rays.
______________microscopes – magnify by focusing beams of electrons.

33. ______Microscope
Compound light microscopes allow light to pass through the specimen and uses 2 lenses to form an image.
___________________

34. _________________Microscope
More detailed than _______microscopes
Transmission Electron Microscopes (TEM’s)
Shine beam of electrons through a thin specimen
Scanning Electron Microscopes (SEM’s)
_____________________
All specimens are dead

35. Page 27 Analyzing Data
Work with your partner to complete the 5 questions.
Turn them in with your name, date, and class period on all papers.