1. The End of Poverty Jeffrey D. Sachs

2. Growth of Household Income Household – 2 adults and four children (2 boys & 2 girls) Live on two-hectare farm Grow maize Shelter in an adobe hut No other cash income Children collect fuel for cooking and water from spring

3. Production – Year 1 2 tons of maize per hectare – 4 tons total Income assigned based on market value of $150/ton Annual income will be $600 ($150 x 4 tons) Calculated in GNP $100 per capita income ($600/6 people)

4. Increase GDP per Capita Saving Trade Technology Resource Boom

5. Saving Consume 3 tons and take one to market With $150 they can invest in livestock – Livestock generates a new stream of income Improved food yields from bull manure – Animal traction – Sale of milk – Sale of meat, eggs or hides Capital accumulation (livestock) which has increased household productivity

6. Trade Learn from another farmer they have appropriate farmland to produce vanilla bean Much higher income from vanilla Shifts to vanilla as cash crop Earns $800 in vanilla – uses $600 to buy four tons of grain for food As # of farmers of vanilla increases, group of trading firms forms specializing in shipping and storage of vanilla, food and farm inputs Adam Smith – markets – increased specialization – incomes rise – more specialization – businesses to support specialization – etc.

7. Technology Agri extension officer teaches the farm household how to manage soil nutrients in an improved manner by planting nitrogen-fixing trees that replenish soil nutrients And use improved grains New varieties mature faster and are pest resistant and flourish in improved soil Crop yield rises to three tons per hectare or total of six Income per capita increases to $150 (3 tons X 2 hectares @ $150 /6 people)

8. Resource Boom Govt succeeds in controlling black flies which spread African river blindness New farmland available Significant expansion of production capacity Incomes rise; hunger falls; each household triples its food output

9. Higher Income These four pathways are main ways economies grow. Rise in GDP is usually all working together. Operate through markets and collective actions through public policy and public investment.

10. Reduction in Household Income Absence of trade Technology Reversed Natural Resource Decline Adverse Productivity Shock Population Growth

11. Absence of Trade Hears of vanilla opportunity But can’t take advantage of it because no roads for transporting the good to market Trade can also be hampered by – Violence – Monetary chaos (money not accepted) – Price controls – Other forms of government intervention that impede specialization and trade

12. Technology Reversal Children lose parents to HIV/AIDS Oldest takes charge but doesn’t know proper farming Next crop fails Children depend on other households in village Family income declined to zero Technological know-how is not inherited

13. Natural Resource Decline Existing farmland suffers environmental decline Can’t afford fertilizer and doesn’t know about nitrogen fixing trees. Nitrogen is seriously depleted Only one hectare in production Household income falls to $50 per capita (2 tons times $150 per ton divided by 6)

14. Adverse Productivity Shock Natural disaster wipes out household income for a year −Flood −Drought −Heat wave −Frost −Pests −Disease

15. Population Growth Generation passes Parents die 2 hectares are divided among 2 sons Each son has wife and four children Crop yield 2 hectares per ton Per capita income has declined by half because of doubling of population living on same farm