1. Warm-Up September 19, 2014 How could hair be used in the analysis of a crime scene?

2. Hair “For three days after death, hair and fingernails continue to grow but phone calls taper off.” —Johnny Carson Comedian and television host

3. Objective SWBAT describe the morphology of hair.

4. Agenda 1.Physical Evidence Review 2.Morphology of Hair 3.Atlanta Child Murders Documentary 4.Location of Hair 5.Hair Ethnicity 6.Hair Analysis Lab 7.DNA & Toxicology 8.Forensic Files Friday 9.Exit Slip

5. Physical Evidence Physical evidence results from the transfer of material from one place to another. Examples include: –paint chips –gunshot residue –glass fragments –paint –hair –bodily fluids –fingerprints

6. Physical Evidence Physical evidence can be classified as follows: –individual characteristics identify a single source, such as DNA –class characteristics associated with a particular characteristic, but not necessarily an individual, such as blood type Fibers are always class evidence. Hair may be either individual or class evidence.

7. Physical Evidence Sir Edmond Locard, “The Sherlock Holmes of France,” formed the first police laboratory in 1910 to study trace evidence. Locard’s principle: “Every contact leaves a trace.” When a crime is committed, material will be mutually exchanged between the perpetrator and the crime scene. It is up to the investigator to identify materials that are seemingly foreign to the location.

8. Physical Evidence The amount of physical (or trace) evidence transferred depends on the nature and duration of contact, as well as the type of contacting surfaces. Trace evidence transfer is more likely to be found in brutal crimes occurring over a long period of time than in the case of less forceful encounters.

9. Physical Evidence Investigators must use caution when entering a crime scene to avoid: –introducing new trace evidence –destroying existing evidence As time passes after a crime more evidence is lost. Elimination standards are often collected from crime scene personnel to exclude them as the source of evidence.

10. Evidence Collection When investigators arrive at a secured scene, the following events will be prioritized: 1.collect large evidence with a careful walkthrough 2.collect trace evidence 3.process the scene for fingerprints and biological evidence This procedure maximizes the preservation of evidence from a crime scene.

11. Introduction  Frequently found at the scene of a violent crime.  Provides a link between the criminal and the crime  From hair one can determine:  Source (human or animal)  Race (sometimes)  Origin of the location on the source’s body  Whether the hair was forcibly removed  If the hair has been treated with chemicals  If drugs have been ingested

12. Skin Structure

13. Hair Shaft Composed of:  Cuticle—outside covering, made of overlapping scales  Cortex—inner layer made of keratin and imbedded with pigment; also contains air sacs called cortical fusi  Medulla—inside layer running down the center of the cortex

14. The Cuticle Outermost layer of hair Covered with scales point toward the tip of the hair differ between species of animals named based on their appearance The three basic patterns are:  Coronal  Spinous  Imbricate

15. Human Scales In order to visualize the scales:  paint clear fingernail polish on a glass slide  when the polish begins to dry, place a hair on the polish  when almost dry, lift off the hair and observe the scale imprints What pattern is seen in this slide?

16. The Cortex  Gives the hair its shape  Two major characteristics :  Melanin—pigment granules that give hair its color  Cortical fusi—air spaces, usually found near the root but may be found throughout the hair shaft

17. The Medulla  Hair core  Not always visible Types:  Intermittent or interrupted  Fragmented  Continuous  Stacked  Absent—not present

18. Human Medulla Human medulla may be continuous, fragmented or absent.

19. Medullary Index  Determined by measuring the diameter of the medulla and dividing it by the diameter of the hair.  Medullary Index for human hair is generally less than 1/3.  For animal hair, it is usually greater than 1/2. mouse

20. Hair Shape Can be straight, curly, or kinky depending on the cross-section, which may be round, oval or crescent-shaped Round (Straight) Oval (Curly) Crescent moon (Kinky)

21. Hair Growth  Terminology  Anagen—hair that is actively growing; lasting up to 5 years  Catagen—hair is not growing; a resting phase  Telogen—hair that is dying and ready to fall out; lasting two to six months  Grows about 0.5 mm per day or 1 centimeter per month; approximately one half inch per month

22. The Root Human roots look different based on whether they have been forcibly removed or if they are telogen hairs and have fallen out. Animal roots will vary, but in general have a spear shape. Fallen outForcibly removed

23. Atlanta Child Murders Documentary 1. What did Wayne Williams say was the reason that police were there? 2.What was the first clue that was found on Eric’s shoe? 3.What was the disturbing pattern of the murders? 4.What was the reaction of the police when one of the mothers went to the police? 5.How long did it take for police to create a task force? 6.Why did they think the suspect was black? 7.What were some of the fiber types that were found? 8.What was the breakthrough in January of 1981?

24. Determining Hair Location In humans and animals the hair’s structure is influenced by where it grows on the body. The primary types of human hair used in forensic investigations come from either the scalp or pubic regions.

25. Determining Hair Location Scalp hairs are longer with a moderate shaft diameter and broken up medulla. Pubic hairs are more coarse and wiry. They have broad, continuous medullas throughout.

26. Determining Hair Location Scalp hairs show characteristics from grooming: –coloring –bleaching –split or cut ends Human hair grows at about ½ inch per month, giving an investigator the ability to measure the duration between a crime and an event such as coloring the hair.

27. Determining Hair Ethnicity Current FBI standards suggest human hairs can be classified into 3 broad categories: –Caucasoid (of European origin) –Negroid (of African origin) –Mongoloid (of Asian or Native American origin) Note that this designation is a purely microscopic analysis. Suspects may or may not identify with these racial groups.

28. Determining Hair Ethnicity Caucasoid class hairs have: –moderate shaft diameters (80µm) with minimal variation –pigment granules at even intervals either loosely or densely packed –oval cross-sections

29. Determining Hair Ethnicity Negroid class hairs have: –a wide range of shaft diameters –prominent twisting and curling shafts –pigment granules that are densely distributed throughout (opaque under microscope) –flattened cross-sections

30. Determining Hair Ethnicity Mongoloid class hairs have: –large shaft diameters with little variation –broad medullas –thick cuticles –densely distributed pigment granules in patchy areas or streaks –round cross-sections

31. Analysis Conclusions An examiner can form one of 3 conclusions from hair comparisons: 1.Hairs from the known source have the same characteristics as the evidence. 2.Hairs from the evidence are different from the known source. 3.Hairs from the evidence have some characteristics that match and some that do not match the known source, therefore no conclusion can be drawn as to whether the samples are from the same source.

32. Hair Analysis Lab Follow the directions and make sure that you draw the pictures and answer the questions on a separate sheet of paper.

33. DNA from Hair  Root  contains nuclear DNA  folicular tissue may be attached containing DNA  Shaft  contains abundant mitochondrial DNA, inherited only from the mother  typed by comparing relatives if no DNA from the body is available ($$$)

34. Collection of Hair  Questioned hairs must be accompanied by an adequate number of control samples.  from victim  from possible suspects  from others who may have deposited hair at the scene  Control Sample  50 full-length hairs from all areas of scalp  24 full-length pubic hairs

35. Hair Toxicology  Advantages:  Easy to collect and store  Is externally available  Can provide information on the individual’s history of drug use or of poisoning.  Collections must be taken from different locations on the body to get an accurate timeline.

36. Hair Toxicology  Napoleon died in exile in 1821. By analyzing his hair, some investigators suggest he was poisoned by the deliberate administration of arsenic; others suggest that it was vapors from the dyes in the wallpaper that did him in.

37. Forensic Files Friday

38. Homework Chapter 10 Review Questions, #1-14 due on Monday

39. Monday Mrs. Rieger will be your sub and you will be in the computer lab in the media center Agenda 1.CSI Experience Activity 2.Complete previous Chapter 10 reading assignments 3.HW: Read pages 367-381 in Chapter 10.

40. Exit Slip September 18, 2014 1. Get out a mobile device or use one of the computers and go to m.socrative.com. You can also use one of the iPads that has the Socrative app. 2. When prompted, enter 417101 for the room number. QUESTION: How can you use hair to solve a crime?