1. The Reproductive System: Modified by Dr. Par Mohammadian27
The Reproductive System: Modified by Dr. Par Mohammadian

2. Primary sex organs (gonads) - testes and ovaries
Reproductive System
Primary sex organs (gonads) - testes and ovaries
Produce gametes (sex cells ) – sperm & ova
Secrete steroid sex hormones
Androgens (males)
Estrogens and progesterone (females)
Accessory reproductive organs - ducts, glands, and external genitalia

3. Sex hormones play roles in
Reproductive System
Sex hormones play roles in
Development and function of reproductive organs
Sexual behavior and drives
Growth and development of many other organs and tissues
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4. Male Reproductive System
Figure 27.4A
Urinary bladder (excretory system)
Seminal vesicle (behind bladder)
Prostate gland
Bulbourethral gland
Urethra
Erectile tissue of penis
Scrotum
Vas deferens
Epididymis
Testis
Glans of penis

5. Male Reproductive System
Testes (within scrotum) produce sperm
Sperm delivered to exterior through system of ducts
Epididymis  ductus deferens  ejaculatory duct  urethra
Accessory sex glands
Seminal glands
Prostate
Bulbo-urethral glands
Empty secretions into ducts during ejaculation

6. Figure 27.1 Reproductive organs of the male, sagittal view.
Peritoneum
Seminal gland
(vesicle)
Ampulla of
ductus deferens
Ejaculatory duct
Rectum
Prostate
Bulbo-urethral gland
Anus
Bulb of penis
Ductus (vas) deferens
Epididymis
Testis
Scrotum
Ureter
Urinary bladder
Prostatic
urethra
Pubis
Intermediate
part of the
Urogenital
diaphragm
Corpus
cavernosum
spongiosum
Spongy
Glans penis
Prepuce
(foreskin)
External
urethral orifice
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7. Sac of skin and superficial fascia
The Scrotum
Sac of skin and superficial fascia
Hangs outside abdominopelvic cavity
Contains paired testes
3C lower than core body temperature
Lower temperature necessary for sperm production
Temperature kept constant by two sets of muscles: Dartos muscle & Cremaster muscles

8. Superficial inguinal ring (end of inguinal canal) Testicular artery
Figure Relationships of the testis to the scrotum and spermatic cord.
Urinary bladder
Superficial inguinal ring
(end of inguinal canal)
Testicular artery
Spermatic cord
Ductus (vas)
deferens
Penis
Autonomic
nerve fibers
Septum of scrotum
Pampiniform
venous plexus
Cremaster muscle
Epididymis
Tunica vaginalis
(from peritoneum)
External spermatic
fascia
Superficial fascia
containing dartos
muscle
Tunica albuginea
of testis
Scrotum
Internal spermatic
fascia
Skin
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9. Each surrounded by two tunics
The Testes
Each surrounded by two tunics
Tunica vaginalis – outer layer derived from peritoneum
Tunica albuginea – inner layer; fibrous capsule
Septa divide testis into ~250 lobules, each containing 1–4 seminiferous tubules - site of sperm production; Produce androgens, e.g., testosterone
Secrete it into interstitial flui

10. Figure 27.3a Structure of the testis.
Spermatic cord
Blood vessels
and nerves
Ductus (vas)
deferens
Testis
Head of epididymis
Seminiferous
tubule
Efferent ductule
Rete testis
Lobule
Straight tubule
Septum
Tunica albuginea
Body of epididymis
Tunica vaginalis
Cavity of
tunica vaginalis
Duct of epididymis
Tail of epididymis
Sperm conveyed from Seminiferous tubules Straight tubule Rete testis Efferent ductules Epididymis

11. Figure 27.3b Structure of the testis.
Spermatic cord
Ductus deferens
Epididymis
Testis
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12. External genitalia - scrotum and penis Penis - male copulatory organ
The Penis
External genitalia - scrotum and penis
Penis - male copulatory organ
Penis consists of
Root and shaft that ends in glans penis
Prepuce, or foreskin—cuff of loose skin covering glans
Circumcision: Surgical removal of foreskin
60% newborn boys in US circumcised
15% in other parts of world
Some claim medically unnecessary
Studies show
60% reduction in HIV risk
Reduced risk for other reproductive system infections

13. The Penis: Internally
Ureter
Urinary bladder
Spongy urethra and three cylindrical bodies of erectile tissue (spongy network of connective tissue and smooth muscle with vascular spaces)
Corpus spongiosum - surrounds urethra and expands to form glans and bulb
Corpora cavernosa - paired dorsal erectile bodies
Erection - erectile tissue fills with blood, causing penis to enlarge and become rigid
Ampulla of ductus deferens
Seminal gland
Prostate
Prostatic urethra
Ejaculatory duct
Orifices of prostatic
ducts
Bulbo-urethral gland and duct
Intermediate part
of the urethra
(membranous urethra)
Urogenital diaphragm
Bulb of penis
Root of penis
Crus of penis
Bulbo-urethral duct opening
Ductus deferens
Corpora cavernosa
Epididymis
Corpus spongiosum
Body (shaft)
of penis
Testis
Section of (b)
Spongy urethra
Glans penis
Prepuce (foreskin)
External urethral orifice
Dorsal vessels
and nerves
Corpora cavernosa
Urethra
Skin
Tunica albuginea of
erectile bodies
Deep arteries
Corpus spongiosum

14. Ducts carry sperm from testes to body exterior
The Male Duct System
Ducts carry sperm from testes to body exterior
Epididymis
Ductus deferens
Ejaculatory duct
Urethra
Vasectomy!

15. The Male Accessory Glands
Paired seminal glands (seminal vesicles)
Paired bulbo-urethral glands
Prostate
Produce bulk of semen
Remainder - sperm from testes
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16. Milky-white mixture of sperm and accessory gland secretions
Semen
Milky-white mixture of sperm and accessory gland secretions
2–5 ml semen ejaculated, contains 20–150 million sperm/ml
Contains fructose for ATP production; protects and activates sperm; facilitates sperm movement
Alkaline  neutralizes acidity of male urethra and female vagina  enhanced motility
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17. Female Reproductive Anatomy
Internal genitalia – in pelvic cavity
Ovaries
Uterine tubes
Uterus
Vagina
External genitalia
External sex organs
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18. Female Reproductive system
Figure 27.3A
Oviduct
Ovaries
Follicles
Corpus luteum
Uterus
Wall of uterus
Endometrium (lining of uterus)
Cervix (“neck” of uterus)
Vagina

19. Suspensory ligament of ovary Infundibulum Uterine tube Ovary Fimbriae
Figure Internal organs of the female reproductive system, midsagittal section.
Suspensory ligament
of ovary
Infundibulum
Uterine tube
Ovary
Fimbriae
Peritoneum
Uterus
Uterosacral
ligament
Round ligament
Vesicouterine pouch
Perimetrium
Rectouterine
pouch
Urinary bladder
Pubic symphysis
Rectum
Mons pubis
Posterior fornix
Cervix
Urethra
Anterior fornix
Clitoris
Vagina
External urethral
orifice
Anus
Urogenital diaphragm
Hymen
Labium minus
Greater vestibular
gland
Labium majus
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20. Figure 27.14 Internal reproductive organs of a female, posterior view.
Suspensory
ligament of ovary
Uterine (fallopian) tube
Ovarian
blood
vessels
Fundus
of uterus
Lumen (cavity)
of uterus
Uterine tube
Broad ligament
Ovary
• Ampulla
• Mesosalpinx
• Isthmus
• Infundibulum
• Mesovarium
• Fimbriae
• Mesometrium
Round ligament of uterus
Ovarian
ligament
Wall of uterus
• Endometrium
Body of uterus
• Myometrium
Ureter
• Perimetrium
Uterine blood vessels
• Internal os
Isthmus
• Cervical canal
Uterosacral ligament
• External os
Cardinal (lateral cervical)
ligament
Lateral fornix
Vagina
Cervix
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21. Uterine Wall Three layers
Perimetrium - serous layer (visceral peritoneum)
Myometrium - interlacing layers of smooth muscle
Endometrium - mucosal lining
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22. Uterine Vascular Supply
Uterine arteries arise from internal iliacs; branch into
Arcuate arteries in myometrium; branch into
Radial arteries in endometrium; branch into
Straight arteries  stratum basalis
Spiral arteries  stratum functionalis
Degenerate and regenerate; spasms  shedding of functionalis layer during menstruation
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23. Figure 27.15b The endometrium and its blood supply.
Lumen of uterus
Epithelium
Capillaries
Uterine glands
Venous sinusoids
Lamina propria of
connective tissue
Spiral (coiled)
artery
Straight artery
Endometrial vein
Radial artery
Smooth muscle
fibers
Arcuate artery
Uterine artery
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