1. Mosby items and derived items © 2008 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Functions: 1.Produce female sex hormones 2.Provide fertile ovum via oogenesis 3.Receive sperm and provide site for fertilization 4.Provide environment for embryo to grow 5.Push offspring into world 6.Provide nutrition for newborn (lactation)

2. Mosby items and derived items © 2008 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. j cow Ovary Oviduct ► Ovaries ► Oviducts ► Uterus ► Cervix ► Vagina ► Vulva

3.  Ovaries  Oviducts  Uterus  Cervix  Vagina  Vulva bitch

4.  __________ ligament: sheets of peritoneum by which the ovaries, oviducts, and uterus are suspended. › Meso________ – supports ovary › Meso_______ – supports oviduct › Meso________ – supports uterus › Contain blood vessels, nerves, and fat  ________ ligament of uterus: Cord of fibrous tissue and smooth muscle in the broad ligament that extends from the uterine horn to the inguinal ring. › Cut during an OHE to allow removal of the uterine horn.

5.  _____________ ligament of ovary: Formed by the ovarian end of broad ligament attached to body wall in area of last rib  During an OHE, it is “popped” to allow visualization and removal of the ovary.

6.  Female gonads  In dorsal abdomen near kidneys  Species variation in appearance  Functions › Site of _______________ (however, the animal was born with a predetermined number of oocytes) › Production of ________________ and ____________________

7. Mosby items and derived items © 2008 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. SourceHormone Effect Ant Pituitary -stimulates egg production and Granulosa cell development -causes production of estrogen -causes Granulosa cells to finish developing -surge causes ovulation Granulosa cells-makes female receptive to male -causes proliferation of uterine tissue -produces female characteristics Corpus-prepares uterus for zygote (fert egg) Luteum-maintains pregnancy

8.  Each cycles consists of the development of ovum, ovulation, formation of corpus luteum, and degeneration of unripened follicles and corpus luteum  Influenced by follicle stimulating hormone (______) and luteinizing hormone (_____)  Number of follicles produced is dependent on the species › ______parous species: normally give birth to one offspring at a time › _______parous species: give birth to litters due to multiple ova production per cycle

9.  ______________/primordial follicle: immature oocyte surrounded by a single layer of follicular cells › Stage that immature oocytes reside in until they become activated to mature  Activated by FSH to begin developing (follicular recruitment/activation)  Once activated, they are called __________________ follicles.  ____________ follicle: cells of the follicle become thickened and start to multiply in layers around the developing oocyte. › These thickened cells are called _______________ cells.  produce _____________ to prepare for breeding and pregnancy  follicle grows rapidly in size Follicular cells

10.  Granulosa cells produce increasing amounts of estrogens as follicle becomes larger  __________-filled spaces form between granulosa cells › Spaces gradually merge into one large fluid-filled space: the ______________  ___________ follicle (graafian follicle): follicle has reached maximum size › Oocyte sits on top of granulosa cell mound (____________ _______________), surrounded by thin layer of granulosa cells (______________ ______________) › production of estrogen peaks, along with LH production, causing ____________________ to occur

11.  Rupture of mature follicle and release of ovum (egg) into oviduct as a result of the rising LH levels › Surface of mature follicle weakens and ruptures › Fluid from antrum is released, carrying the ovum with it  Empty follicle fills with blood (___________ ________________).  _______________ ovulators: ovulation only occurs after breeding › Cat, rabbit, and ferret

12.  High levels of LH stiumulates the formation of the CL › Formed by divisions of granulosa cells that line the corpus hemorrhagicum.  Produces progestins (primarily ____________________) › Necessary for maintenance of _____________________  If ovum implants in uterus, an endocrine signal is sent from placenta to ovary and the corpus luteum is ___________________.  If ovum is not fertilized, the corpus luteum will __________________.  Any follicle that doesn’t develop undergoes ______________.

13.  a.k.a. _____________ tubes  Extend from tips of uterine horns  _____________: enlarged opening at ovarian end of each oviduct › not attached to oviduct  __________________: muscular projections form margin of infundibulum; help properly position infundibulum  Smooth muscle fibers in walls  Muscle contractions and cilia lining guide ovum toward uterus  Usual site of __________________

14.  hollow, muscular  womb  where fertilized ovum ____________  forms part of placenta that keeps fetus alive  grows during pregnancy  Usually ___ shaped › Uterine body forms ________ of Y › Two uterine horns form ________ Cat Human Horse Cow

15. Uterine wall layers:  _____________________: › Inner layer composed of simple columnar epithelium and glands that secrete mucus and other substances  _____________________: › Thickest layer, made of smooth muscle  _____________________: › O utermost layer, covered by visceral peritoneum

16.  ____________ muscle _______________ between body of uterus and vagina › Controls access to lumen of uterus from vagina  Normally tightly ______________, except during __________ and _______________________ › opens to admit sperm during breeding › at birth, fetus is pushed against cervix until it dilates or opens. MareCow Sow Bitch

17. ______________:  Muscular tube extends caudally from cervix and connects it with vulva  receives penis at breeding  ________ ____________during parturition  stretchable and is lined with mucous glands. ______________:  Only portion of female repro tract that is visible from the outside › __________ (lips) - external boundary › __________ – equivalent to penis  erectile tissue and a sensitive glans › __________ – entrance to vagina, location of urethral opening Urethral opening

18.  Spermatozoa are constantly produced so testosterone is fairly constant in male and he is always ready for breeding.  In domestic animals, breeding takes place only when chances for pregnancy are the greatest. › This is known as _________ or __________ › timing of breeding is controlled by the estrous cycle of the female  _________________ cycle is beginning of one heat period to beginning of the next. › Controlled by FSH and LH › Different species have different estrous cycle patterns.

19.  ________________: animals that cycle continuously throughout the year if they are not pregnant › cattle and swine  ________________ polyestrous: animals with seasonal variations in estrous cycles › horse, sheep, cat  _____________: animals with two cycles per year, usually spring and fall › dog  _____________: animals with one cycle per year › fox and mink

20. Estrous cycle stages: › Proestrus › Estrus › Metestrus › Diestrus › Anestrus (in some species)

21.  Follicles begin developing and growing  Output of estrogen increases accordingly  Linings of the oviduct, uterus, and vagina thicken to protect against breeding trauma › Vaginal smear can be done to determine heat  Heat  Period of sexual receptivity in the female; signals male that female is ready  Estrogen level production peaks  Ovulation occurs near end of estrus in some species  Induced ovulator species remain in a prolonged state of estrus if not bred › cat, rabbit

22.  Period after ovulation during which corpus luteum (CL) develops  Progesterone produced by corpus luteum temporarily inhibits other follicles to develop in ovary  Lining of uterus prepared for implantation of a fertilized ovum  Corpus luteum at maximum size and exerting maximum effect  If fertilized ovum implants, CL is retained well into pregnancy  If no pregnancy occurs, CL degenerates at end of diestrus › Animal then either goes back into proestrus or ovary shuts down and animal goes into anestrus  Temporary ovarian inactivity  Seen in seasonally polyestrous, diestrous, and monoestrous animals

23. Mosby items and derived items © 2008 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Also called pseudocyesis or _____________________ Affected animals may act or look pregnant Is an exaggerated ______________ period Usually resolves spontaneously or through the use of hormones. ____________: builds nest, hoards/mothers toys, mammary glands enlarge/produce milk, pyometra