1. Reproductive System Final organ system of study this semester – 
Only organ system which is not “vital” to the body
Defective reproduction organs do not threaten vital functions (with the exception of cancer)
Function of the Reproductive System:
To produce sex hormones
To produce gametes
To promote fertilization of gametes
To protect and nurture developing fetus (female)
Bile capillaries, macrophages
4/13/08

2. Reproductive System Study of the Reproductive System
General anatomy: male vs. female
Development of gametes
Role of sex hormones
Process of sexual intercourse
Fertilization of the egg
Pregnancy and development
birth
Begin with general anatomy…
Bile capillaries, macrophages
4/13/08

3. Reproductive System – General Anatomy
Main types of structure in the reproductive system:
Gonads
Produce gametes (haploid cells) via meiosis
Produce hormones
Ducts:
Tubes that carry/transport gametes
Accessory glands:
Secrete fluids to help the process of fertilization & gamete contact
External genitalia:
Helps in sexual response
These 4 general types of structures are found in males & females (actual structure is very different)
Bile capillaries, macrophages
4/13/08

4. General Anatomy - Males
Gonads
Testes produce gametes called spermatozoa (=sperm)
Ducts
Epididymus
Ductus Deferens/vas deferens
Ejaculatory duct
Urethra
Accessory Glands
Seminal vesicles
Prostate gland
Bulborethral gland
All of these work to produce semen mixed with sperm
Bile capillaries, macrophages
Fig. 26.1
4/13/08

5. General Anatomy - Males
External Genitalia:
Scrotum – protects the testes & alters it’s position
Penis – erectile organ through which semen is released
Bile capillaries, macrophages
Fig. 26.3
4/13/08

6. General Anatomy - Females
Gonads
Ovaries = Small almond-shaped structures that produce oocytes (oocyte matures into the egg)
Ducts
Uterine tubes - Holds egg
Vagina - Holds sperm & not egg
Accessory Glands
Small glands in the vagina
External genitalia
Labia
Mons Pubis
Clitoris
Bile capillaries, macrophages
Fig
4/13/08

7. General Anatomy - Females
Females have additional structures for:
Implantation
Development
Nurturing of child
Uterus
Mammary glands
Bile capillaries, macrophages
Fig
4/13/08

8. Reproductive System
Take a closer look at the positions and features of these structures
Testes
A pair of egg-shaped structures suspended below the abdominal cavity
The testes are enclosed in a pouch of skin = the scrotum
In development
Testes are placed against the abdominal wall connected by connective tissue fibers
As the body develops, the testes are lowered = descent
They are moved into the scrotum by birth
Bile capillaries, macrophages
4/13/08

9. Testes Descent
Bile capillaries, macrophages
Fig. 26.2
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10. Reproductive System
Testes are supported by spermatic cords = fascia & muscles
These enclose the testes ducts and blood vessels
Spermatic cords extend from the abdominal cavity
These extend out via the deep inguinal canal to the testes
The inguinal canal weakens the lower abdominal wall b/c of spermatic cords can = inguinal hernia
Bile capillaries, macrophages
Fig. 26.3
4/13/08

11. Reproductive System Cross section through testes Fig. 26.4 4/13/08
Bile capillaries, macrophages
Fig. 26.4
4/13/08

12. Reproductive System Cross section through testes Scrotum
Outside skin layer (epidermis & dermis)
Important muscles
Cremaster muscle – skeletal muscle deep in dermis
Contraction & relaxation moves testes towards or away from the body
Importance: sperm development occurs at temperatures lower than body temperature
This movement allows testes to adjust to temp outside
Also involved in sexual arousal
Bile capillaries, macrophages
4/13/08

13. Reproductive System Cross section through testes Tunica vaginalis
Just underneath the skin of the scrotum = membrane
Function: reduce friction between layers
Tunica albuginea
Layer of membrane that covers the actual testes
Extends into testes to make the partition = septa
Septa compartments = lobules
The lobules contain tightly coiled seminiferous tubules
This is where meiosis takes place
Androgens are secreted
Location of spermatogenensis
Bile capillaries, macrophages
4/13/08

14. Reproductive System
Seminiferous tubules connect together to form the epididymis
Epididymis
carries sperm (7 meters long!) along it’s coils
Adjusts fluid of seminiferous tubules
Recycles damaged spermatozoa
Stores sperm during maturation
Goes into…
Ductus deferens
Goes up through inguinal canal
curves around the urinary bladder
Has smooth muscle – which helps movement of sperm
Bile capillaries, macrophages
4/13/08

15. Reproductive System
Ductus deferens joins the ejaculatory duct and empties its contents into the urethra
The urethra goes from the bladder to the tip of the penis
It is a common conduit for the urinary & reproductive systems
Bile capillaries, macrophages
4/13/08

16. Reproductive System
Chapter 26 – Day 2
4/13/08

17. Reproductive Structures - Male
Accessory Structures
Seminal vesicles
Between the bladder & the rectum
As the sperm are entering the ejaculatory duct, the seminal vesicles secrete 60% of fluid that ends up in semen
Fructose – energy
Prostaglandins – muscle contraction (expels fluids)
Fibrinogen – temporary clot in vagina
Prostate Gland
Small, muscular rounded organ – near beginning of urethra
20-30% of semen = prostatic fluid – slightly basic with enzymes - help to prevent urinary infection
PSA – prostate specific antigen (↑ with prostate cancer)
Bile capillaries, macrophages
4/13/08

18. Reproductive Structures - Male
Accessory Structures
Prostate gland (continued…)
Inflammation of prostate – prostatis
Bacterial infection or other factors can lead to inflammation
Site for prostate cancer
Bulbourethral glands (Cowper’s gland)
Located at the base of the penis – contain mucous glands
These lubricate the tip of the penis
Bile capillaries, macrophages
4/13/08

19. Reproductive Structures - Male
Penis anatomy
Rood – connects the penis to the body wall
Body/shaft – tubular portion
Glans – tip surrounds urethral opening
Prepuce – fold of skin, surrounds tip of penis
Secretes smegma (waxy material) – can be a source of bacterial growth
Is the portion removed in circumcision
Inside the penis
Corpora cavernosa – cylindrical masses of erectile tissue
Blood vessels
Corpus spongiosum – surrounds ureters
Bile capillaries, macrophages
4/13/08

20. Reproductive Structures - Male
Bile capillaries, macrophages
Fig
4/13/08

21. Reproductive Structures - Female
Located within the pelvic cavity – posterior & superior to the bladder
Ovaries
Uterine tubes
Uterus
Vagina
External genetalia
A mesentery holds the ovaries, uterine tubes & uterus together – broad ligament (protects & supports)
Mesovarium = mesentery that supports the ovaries
Bile capillaries, macrophages
4/13/08

22. Reproductive System - Female
Bile capillaries, macrophages
Fig
4/13/08

23. Reproductive Structures - Female
Ovaries
Pair – on lateral sides of the pelvic cavity
Almond-shaped structures
Produces oocytes & sex hormones
Each ovary is held in place by
Suspensory ligament – to the pelvic wall
Ovarian ligament – to uterus
Cut open an ovary = different from testes
Tunica albuginea = connective tissue layer
Outer cortex, inner medulla
Cortex contains follicle cells (we’ll look at these later)
Bile capillaries, macrophages
4/13/08

24. Reproductive Structures - Female
Uterine tubes
Each tube = hollow, muscular tube connects with ovary
3 parts
Infundibulum with fimbrae
Funnel-shaped, close to ovary
Fimbrae = finger-like projections aid egg toward uterine tube
Lining of fimbrae = cilia beating toward ampulla
Ampulla
Middle of tube = thicker muscle
Isthmus
Leads into uterus
Fertilization takes place at junction of ampulla & isthmus
Bile capillaries, macrophages
4/13/08

25. Reproductive Structures - Female
Uterus
Pear shaped organ
Tilts anteriorly = anteflexion
Held in place by ligaments
Uterus is divided into:
Body – wide part of the organ
Isthmus – tapering bottom
Cervix – opening into vagina
External part of the cervix is rounded – surrounds an opening called the cervical os
Cervical canal – passageway into the uterus
Wall of the uterus = uterine wall
Important for implantation of embryo & for contractions during labor (it’s about 1.5cm thick in women who haven’t had children)
Bile capillaries, macrophages
4/13/08

26. Reproductive Structures - Female
Uterus
Uterine wall has 3 layers
Perimetrium – serous membrane covers outside
Myometrium – thick, muscular layer
= 90% of wall, muscles are arranged in different orientations
Endometrium – innermost layer – epithelial cells
Provides nutrients to embryo
Contains uterine glands
Blood vessels that enter the uterus enter the endometrium
Divided into functional & basilar zones
Functional zone – open to uterine cavity, gets sloughed off during menstruation due to changes in hormone levels
Bile capillaries, macrophages
4/13/08

27. Reproductive Structures - Female
Vagina
Elastic, muscular tube extending from the cervix
Fornix – recess surrouning protruding cervix
Contains blood vessels, smooth muscle
Hymen – elastic epithelial fold covers entrance to vagina
Rugae – folds in relaxed vagina
The vagina contains bacteria – secretes acidic fluids which helps restrict the growth of other pathogens, but also inhibits sperm
So, the semen must contain buffers…recall from earlier…
Bile capillaries, macrophages
4/13/08

28. Reproductive Structures - Female
External genitalia
Area containing female genitalia = vulva
2 folds of skin surrounding the vagina
Labia majora
Labia minora
These serve as boundaries to the vestibule
Vestibule contains urethral opening & vaginal entrance
Clitoris – erectile tissue equivalent to the penis
Located anterior to the vestibule
Glans & Prepuce
Engorges with blood during sexual arousal
Vestibular glands – produce mucous secretions to keep area moist (located in vestibule)
Mammary glands – come back to when discussing pregnancy
Bile capillaries, macrophages
4/13/08

29. Gametogenesis
Production of gametes = haploid “sexual reproduction” cells
Testes = _______
Ovaries = _______
Bile capillaries, macrophages
4/13/08

30. Spermatogenesis Takes place in the _______ _______
Between the tubules there is _______ tissue
With _______ cells = _______ of _______
These cells produce _______ including _______
_______ stimulates spermatogenesis
Seminiferous tubules have several layers of cells around a central _______ which is filled with fluid in the center
Bile capillaries, macrophages
4/13/08

31. Spermatogenesis
Bile capillaries, macrophages
Fig. 26.5
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32. Spermatogenesis
Bile capillaries, macrophages
Fig. 26.5
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33. Spermatogenesis
Bile capillaries, macrophages
Fig. 26.6
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34. Spermatogenesis
Bile capillaries, macrophages
Fig. 26.7
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35. Spermatogenesis
Bile capillaries, macrophages
Fig. 26.8
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36. Spermatogenesis
Bile capillaries, macrophages
Fig
4/13/08

37. Gametogenesis The _______ are the site for _______
_______ begins before birth in females
Ovaries contain _______ these go through _______ to make _______ _______
Development is _______ until _______
Many get disintegrated – a fixed number remain
Every month after _______ - the development of one _______ _______ takes place
Bile capillaries, macrophages
4/13/08

38. Oogenesis
Bile capillaries, macrophages
Fig
4/13/08