1. FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
TRI HARTINI Y
ANATOMY AND HISTOLOGY DEPARTMENT
SCHOOL OF MEDICINE
AIRLANGGA UNIVERSITY

2. FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM CONSISTS OF :
1 OVARY
2 THE GENITAL TUBES :
- UTERINE TUBES (TUBA FALLOPII)
- UTERUS AND PLACENTA
- VAGINA
3 EXTERNAL GENITALIA
4 MAMMARY GLANDS

3. OVARY
TUBA FALLOPII
UTERUS

5. OVARY Lies in cavum abdomen Oval-shaped / almond-shaped
Composed of cortex and medulla
The surface of ovaries is covered by a layer of cuboidal epithelium called GERMINAL EPITHELIUM

6. CORTEX
Consists of three layers, are germinal epithelium, tunica albuginea and the ovarian stroma
The tunica albuginea is a dense connective tissue layer
The ovarian stroma consists of ovarian follicles, corpus luteum, and corpus albicans
MEDULLA
Located in central region of ovaries
Contains fibroelastic connective tissue
There are many blood vessels, lymphatic vessels and smooth muscles in the medulla

7. OVARY
CORTEX
MEDULA

8. OVARIAN CORTEX
GERMINAL EPITELIUM
T. ALBUGINEA
STROMA

9. OVARIAN FOLLICLES PRIMORDIAL FOLLICLE PRIMARY FOLLICLE
GROWING FOLLICLE
MATURE GRAAFIAN FOLLICLE
CORPUS LUTEUM
CORPUS ALBICANS
ATRETIC FOLLICLE

10. PRIMARY FOLLICLE PRIMORDIAL FOLLICLE
Primordial follicle is the earliest stage of follicular development
Appears in the prenatal
Consists of oocyte surrounded by single layer of squamous follicle cells
PRIMARY FOLLICLE
Appears in baby after he was born
Histological appearance is like primordial follicle

11. PRIMARY FOLLICLE

12. GROWING FOLLICLE
Formed in puberty, stimulated by Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
The oocyte become larger, together with squamous follicle cells form acidophilic refractil membrane called ZONA PELLUCIDA
Squamous follicle cells become cuboidal, proliferate, form multilayers of cuboidal cells called granulosa cells
Formed cavities that was filled liquor folliculi, called CALL-EXNER BODIES
In this stage, there are THECA FOOLICULI LAYER consists of THECA INTERNA LAYER and THECA EXTERNA LAYER
Theca interna contains cells produced esterogen
Theca interna is surrounded by an outer stromal layer called theca externa
The GLASSY MEMBRAN lies between granulosa cells and theca folliculi layer

13. GROWING FOLLICLE
CALL-EXNER BODIES

14. ZONA PELLUCIDA

15. MATURE GRAAFIAN FOLLICLE
Secondary oocyte of mature Graafian follicle will be expelled from ovary in ovulation
Call-exner bodies begin to coalesce, forming a single cavity called ANTHRUM FOLLICULI
The follicle cells form :
CORONA RADIATA : a single layer of follicle cells surrounding oocyte
CUMULUS OOPHORUS : follicle cells located outer of corona radiata, that project into the anthrum fooliculi
MEMBRANA GRANULOSA : multilayer of follicle cells form wall of anthrum folliculi
There is primary oocyte ( oocyte I ) in the primary follicle until in Graafian follicle

16. The mature Graafian follicle was developed from primary follicle in 10 – 14 days
In this stage, Graafian follicle has the largest anthrum and has a projecting part into the surface of ovary that was called STIGMA
In this region, tunica albuginea and theca folliculi became more slight than in the other sides
Before ovulation occurred, the Graafian follicle had enlarged and had been filled by liquor folliculi. This condition is called PREOVULATORY SWELLING
The anthrum that was filled liquor pressured and ruptured the stigma. Then the oocyte (secondary oocyte), along with zona pellucida and corona radiata moved out from the ovary.
The meiotic I (reduction division) reduced number of chromosom to haploid. So the oocyte I becomes secondary oocyte ( oocyte II )
This process occurred just before ovulation

17. GRAAFIAN FOLLICLE 2 1 3 ANTHRUM FOLLICULI CUMULUS OOPHORUS
MEMBRANA GRANULOSA 2 1 3

18. GRAAFIAN FOLLICLE
CORONA RADIATA
ZONA PELLUCIDA

19. CORPUS LUTEUM Formed from wall of anthrum after ovulation
Consists of 2 types of cells :
1. GRANULOSA LUTEIN CELLS
Derived from granulosa cells
The big and pale cells located in the central of corpus luteum
Produce progesteron
2. THECA LUTEIN CELLS
Derived from the cells of theca interna layer
The small cells and deeply staining nucleus
Located in periphery of corpus luteum

20. If fertilization occurs, corpus luteum will increase in size to form corpus luteum of pregnancy (CORPUS LUTEUM GRAVIDITAS)
Corpus luteum of pregnancy still exist until five month of pregnancy when placenta was formed completely
In this time, progesteron was produced by placenta
Then corpus luteum will become CORPUS ALBICANS

21. CORPUS LUTEUM

22. CORPUS LUTEUM
1.GRANULOSA LUTEIN CELLS
2. THECA LUTEIN CELLS 1 2

23. CORPUS LUTEUM 2 1 1 2
GRANULOSA LUTEIN CELLS
THECA LUTEIN CELLS

24. CORPUS ALBICANS
Derived from degeneration of corpus luteum when fertilization doesn’t occurred
Lutein cells undergo apoptosis, remain a pale fibrous scar called CORPUS ALBICANS
It can be formed from follicular atretics and from corpus luteum graviditas when placenta completely formed
Formed just before menstruation

25. CORPUS ALBICANS

26. CORPUS ALBICANS

27. ATRETIC FOLLICLE Formed after ovulation
Derived from primary follicles, growing follicle, and immature Graafian follicle
Oocyte disappears, because it undergoes degeneration and autolysis
Scattered granulosa cells
The zona pellucida becomes folded and collapses called remnant of zona pellucida

28. ATRETIC FOLLICLE
REMNANT OF ZONA PELLUCIDA

29. ATRETIC FOLLICLE

30. UTERINE TUBES ( FALLOPIAN TUBES )
The uterine tubes transport oocyte from the ovary to the uterus
Divided into 4 segments :
Infundibulum
Ampulla
Isthmus
Intramural part

31. INFUNDIBULUM
A funnel-shaped segment of the tubes adjacent to the ovary
The segment opens to the peritoneal cavity
Folded mucosa is like fingers called FIMBRIAE at free side of the segment
The fimbriae catch the ovum from the ovary
AMPULLA
The longest segment of the tube, is approximately two thirds of the total length
The segment has thin wall and large diameter
Has branched mucosal folds
Site of fertilization

32. ISTHMUS INTRAMURAL PART The narrow segment
The segment has the thickest wall of the other segments
INTRAMURAL PART
Lies within the uterine wall and opens into the cavity of the uterus

33. MICROSCOPIC APPERANCE OF UTERINE TUBES
The wall of uterine tubes is consists of three layers :
The mucosa  inner layer of the wall, forms longitudinal folds that project into lumen throughout its lumen. The folds are most numerous and complex in the ampulla
Consists of two types of cells, are CILIATED CELLS and NON-CILIATED (PEG CELLS)
The muscularis is arranged by two layers of smooth muscles
The serosa is composed of loose connective tissue with mesothelium in outer surface

34. UTERINE TUBES
AMPULA OF UTERINE TUBES
ISTHMUS

35. UTERUS Consists of 5 parts : Fundus Corpus Isthmus Cervix
Portio vaginalis

36. CORPUS Histological appearance of corpus is similar to fundus
They consist of three layers:
Serosa ( Perimetrium ) The outer layer, arranged by thin layer of connective tissue that covered by mesothelium
Myometrium ( muscularis layer )
Arranged by smooth muscles that enlarge in pregnancy
C. Endometrium
Histological appearance of endometrium depend on menstrual cycle

37. ENDOMETRIUM Consists of two layers ; epithel and lamina propria
A layer of silindrical epithelium ciliated in some definite sites
This epithel continues to lamina propria and forms uterine glands that have branches in the basal site
LAMINA PROPRIA :
Just beneath the epithelium, consists of reticular fibers
There are two types of arteries in lamina propria.
Straight arteries in the basal site, and spiral arteries ( coiled arteries) in the upper site

38. CYCLE CHANGES OF ENDOMETRIUM
Depend on menstrual cycle, endometrium divided into 4 phases :
PROLIFERATIVE PHASE :
The other name of this phase is estrogenic or reparative phase
In this phase, the epithelium and the lamina propria are reconstituted
The uterine glands proliferate rapidly
Coiled arteries are reformed

39. PROLIFERATIVE PHASE 1
ENDOMETRIUM
MYOMETRIUM 2

40. 2. SECRETORY PHASE The other name is LUTEAL OR PROGESTATIONAL PHASE
The uterine glands become hypertrophi
Endometrium becomes edematous and may eventually reach a thickness of 5 to 6 mm
The glands make saw-shaped appearance
The coiled arteries are numerous and extend to the surface of the endometrium
The stromal cells enlarge and transform into decidual cells
In this phase endometrium becomes the thickest stage so it can divided into two layers

41. Theese layers are :
Functional layer  the thick part, will be sloughed off in menstruation and in partus. Divided into :
Compact layer : nearly to the surface, a thin layer with straight glands
Spongious layer : beneath the compact layer, a thick layer with spiral glands
Basal layer : the deeper layer attached to myometrium. This layer is retainedduring menstruation

42. SECRETORY PHASE

43. PROLIFERATION PHASE
SECRETORY PHASE

44. ISCHEMIC PHASE ( premenstrual phase )
Contraction of coiled arteri wall cause the stratum functionale become ischemic.
Infiltration of leucocytes in stroma .
MENSTRUAL PHASE : Endometrium is sloughed off and constitute the vaginal discharge.
Vaginal discharge contains : a. blood
b. epithelial cells and sloughing stroma
c. secret of the glands

45. MENSTRUAL PHASE

46. CERVIX UTERI Consists of three layers : MUCOSA :
A layer of silindrical epithelium extend to the lamina propria and have branches called CERVIX GLANDS
Blockage of the openings of the mucosal glands results in the retention of their secretions
This structure becomes a dilated cyst called OVULA NABOTH
The lamina propria consists of connective tissue and it lacks coiled arteries so that it can’t be changed by menstrual cycle

47. MUSCULARIS : ADVENTITIA :
Consists of smooth muscle with irreguler arrangement
The outer is arranged longitudinaly extending to vagina
ADVENTITIA :
Consists of fibroelastic connective tissue

48. CERVIX UTERI
1. OVULA NABOTH
CERVIX GLANDS

49. PORTIO VAGINALIS The portion of the cervix that projects to the vagina
Covered by stratified squamous epithelium
This part is not changed during menstrual cycle

50. VAGINA

51. A fibromuscular tube covered by mucosa Consists of theree layers :
Has numerous mocosal folds called RUGAE
Consists of :
Non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
The lamina propria that has numerous elastic fibers, bood vessels and nerves

52. 2. MUSCULARIS LAYER 3. ADVENTITIAL LAYER
Consists of two layers of smooth muscles
3. ADVENTITIAL LAYER
Consists of thin connective tissue with numerous blood vessels and autonomic ganglion

53. VAGINA

54. GENITALIA EXTERNA

55. GENITALIA EXTERNA ( VULVA )
Consists of theese structures :
Clitoris
Labia minora
Labia majora
Vestibular glands

56. CLITORIS The erectile structure that is homolougous to the penis
Covered by non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
The lamina propria forms propria papil that has numerous blood vessels and sensory nerve endings (MEISSNER’S CORPUSCLES and PACINIAN CORPUSCLES)

57. EPITHELIUM
LAMINA PROPRIA
ERECTILE TISSUE

58. LABIA MINORA Folds of skin that border the vestibule
Covered by non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium with melanin pigment in the deep cells of the epithelium
Large sebaceous glands in the stroma (lamina propria)
The glands doesn’t connect to hair follicles

59. SEBACEOUS GLANDS

60. LABIA MINORA

61. LABIA MAJORA Folds of skin, covers the labia minora
The inner surface is covered by non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
The outer surface is covered by keratinized stratified squamous epithelium with pubic hair

62. VESTIBULAR GLANDS Consists of : Minor vestibular glands
The small mocous glands are present primarily near the clitoris and around external urethral orifice
Major vestibular glands (Bartholin’s glands)
The large mucous glands in the lateral wall of the vestibule
Secrete lubricating mucous

63. MAMMARY GLANDS

64. Modification of sweat glands in subcutan
They are rudimentary in male
Composed of 15 – 20 lobes separated by interlobular tissue (connective tissue)
Each lobes has excretory ducts that assemble in the apex of the nipple

65. Histological Appearance
INACTIVE MAMMARY GLANDS
Composed of numerous intralobular ducts
Consists of dense connective tissue and thick adipose tissue
ACTIVE MAMMARY GLANDS
The alveoli begin to develop
Amount of the adipose and the connective tissue is decrease
The alveoli enlarge forming SACCULI that secret milk in the late pregnancy

66. INNACTIVE MAMMARY GLAND

67. THE KEYS OF SUCCESS ARE PERSEVERANCE AND DO THE WORK HARDLY