1. Chapter 6 Other Flagellated Protozoa: Diplomonadida and Trichomonadida

2. Taxonomy P. Retortamonada C. Diplomonadea O. Diplomonadida G. Giardia
P. Axostylata
C. Parabasalea
O. Trichomonadida
G. Trichomonas, Pentatrichomonas
P. Chromista
C. Opalinea
O. Opalinida
G. Opalina

3. P. Retortamonada O. Diplomonadida
Mitochondria and dictyosomes (Golgi) are absent; usually with four flagella (three anterior, one recurrent); typically parasites of the intestinal tract or free-living in anoxic environments
O. Diplomonadida
Possess two karyomastigonts (2 nuclei and each has associated with it flagella, kinetsomes and associated organelles); each mastigont with 4 flagella (one recurrent)

4. Genus Giardia Members of this group lack mitochondria.
Phylogenetic analysis of rRNA suggests that they diverged somewhere near the point that prokaryotes and eukaryotes split.
Giardia is cosmopolitan in distribution.
According to this tree the earliest eukaryotic cells were Archaezoa that are amitochondriate organisms that were adapted to an anaerobic environment such as the extant Diplomonads (Giardia), Parabasalia (trichomonads) and the Microsporidia. Mitochondria then were acquired at a later stage from a bacterial endosymbiont belonging to the group of the alpha-proteobacteria.
Tree of life based on 16-18S rRNA sequences.
Note: Also according to this tree the Kinetoplastida, comprising trypanosomatids, bodonids and euglenoids, were the first group to have acquired a mitochondrion by endosymbiosis.

5. Giardia lamblia Morphology
Trophozoite (active feeding stage) is rounded at its anterior end, tapered posteriorly, and flattened dorso-ventrally.
Dorsal surface is convex; ventral surface is concave and dominated by a large adhesive disc with a nucleus in the center of each half
Four pairs of flagella arise from basal bodies (kinetosome complex.
Two prominent, slightly curved median (transverse) bodies lie behind the adhesive disc.

6. Scanning and transmission electron micrographs of Giardia lamblia

7. Life Cycle Live in the digestive system of humans
While in the gut trophozoites reproduce by binary fission.
Eventually pass through the digestive tract, encysting in the colon.
Cysts are passed with the feces.
Humans are infected when they ingest cyst-contaminated food or water, or from direct hand to mouth contact.
Following ingestion, cysts pass through the stomach to the small intestine where they excyst and begin a new cycle.

8. Pathogenesis
Infections cause severe intestinal disorders, most commonly diarrhea; other symptoms include abdominal distension, nausea, flatulence, and weight loss.
Attachment of the trophozoite to the mucosal surface by means of its adhesive disc causes shortening of the villi of the small intestine, inflammation of the crypts and lamina propria, and lesions on mucosal cells.
Severe infections produce malabsorption syndrome - inability of the small intestine to absorb essential fat-soluable substances such as carotene, vitamin B12, and folate
There may also be a reduction in the secretion of a number of small intestinal digestive enzymes.

9. Diagnosis and Treatment
Identification of cysts in the stool is used in diagnosis of the parasite.
Duodenal aspiration is a technique that is used to detect the presence of trophozoites.
Treatment with either quinacrine hydrochloride or metronidazole is recommended.
Complete cure can occur in about one week.

10. Epidemiology
Giardia is one of the most prevalent intestinal parasite in humans; it is especially common among young children.
Outbreaks are frequent in day-care nurseries and in institutions where sanitation may be inadequate.
Giardia infection has been noted among wilderness campers in the US, probably due to drinking polluted water.

11. P. Axostylata Order Trichomonadida
Possess a complex mastigont system that includes an axostyle
Order Trichomonadida
3 to 5 anterior flagella; undulating membrane of varying length; recurrent flagellum fused to the edge of the undulating membrane; stout median rod (axostyle) extending the length of the organism.
No cysts stage

12. Trichomomas tenax
Trophozoites are extremely small (5-16 µm x 2-15 µm), with 4 free flagella and the fifth fused to the undulating membrane which extends about 2/3 the length of the cell.
Commonly found in the tartar and gums of the mouth, as well as the nasopharyngeal region.
Transmission is usually by direct contact; drinking contaminated water from a community source may be another means of transmission.
Not considered pathogenic; can be avoided through proper oral hygiene.

13. Trichomomas vaginalis
Larger in size; shorter undulating membrane, extending 1/3 the length of the cell
Trophozoites occasionally produce pseudopodia.
Inhabits the vagina in females; the urethra, epididymis, and prostate gland in males.
More prevalent among women than men
Transmitted primarily through sexual intercourse.

14. Trichomomas vaginalis cont.
In females, T. vaginalis produces deterioration of the cells of the vaginal mucosa, resulting in low grade inflammation and persistent vaginitis.
Condition is characterized by yellowish discharge accompanied by persistent itching and burning
In males, symptoms are much less noticeable; low grade urethritis and swelling of the prostate gland.
Diagnosis in females is confirmed by examination of vaginal discharge smears; diagnosis among males involves examining prostate secretions.
Metronidazole is the most effective drug treatment; restoration of normal pH of the vagina can control mild infections among females.

15. Pentatrichomonas hominis
A small , highly motile organism with an anterior cytostome and 3 to 5 flagella.
Nonpathogenic, residing in the human colon.
Flies may be used as vectors; but trophozoites can survive in feces-contaminated food and drink
P. hominis infects dogs, cats, and mice and other rodents; all serve as reservoir hosts.
Diagnosis is best made by identifying trophozoites in fecal preparations.

16. Phylum Chromista O. Opalinida
Possess heterokont flagella (at least two flagella with differing structures).
O. Opalinida
Commonly referred to as the opalinids or opalines.
Occur in the intestinal tract of amphibians and to a lesser extent they occur in fishes and snakes.
Their reproductive cycles are largely controlled by host hormones.

17. Possess only one type of nucleus..
O. Opalinida cont.
Opalines are flattened and covered with rows of short flagella; exhibit cortical folds and cortical ribbons of microtubules
Possess only one type of nucleus..
Reproduce sexually by anisogamous syngamy (=asexual reproduction is binary fission).
The cortex of an opalinid
Opalina sp. from a frog rectum

18. Life Cycle of Opalina
During the non-breeding terrestrial phase of the amphibian host, only adult trophozoites (trophonts) are found; divide occasionally by binary fission.
As the breeding season approaches, fission rate accelerates and small precystic forms (tomonts) appear; these encyst to yield cysts.
Encystation appears to be stimulated by breakdown products of androgenic steroid hormones excreted in the amphibian urine.

19. Cysts are passed into the water and excyst
Life Cycle of Opalina cont.
Cysts are passed into the water and excyst
If ingested by tadpoles, they give rise to small multinucleate forms.
Further division gives rise to uninucleate heterogametes which conjugate to form a zygote.
These zygotes can then divide to form trophonts.