1. Feb 2007WSN Training: Intro to WSN & Mote Kits1 Introduction Wireless Sensor Networks and Crossbow’s Hardware Products Topics  Crossbow Background & the WSN Market  End-user Benefits/Motivation  MoteWorks and Wireless Products Overview

2. WSN Training: Intro to WSN & Mote Kits 2 Feb 2007 San Jose Headquarters Corporate Overview Global Leader in Sensory Systems  Founded 1995  MEMS-Based Inertial Systems  Wireless Sensor Networking 125 Employees World Wide $25M in Venture Capital  Cisco Systems, Intel Corporation  Morgenthaler Ventures, Paladin Capital

3. WSN Training: Intro to WSN & Mote Kits 3 Feb 2007 Crossbow United States Switzerland Japan China Distributors Most European Countries Key Asian Markets Crossbow Corporate Overview -- Worldwide Locations

4. WSN Training: Intro to WSN & Mote Kits 4 Feb 2007 Sensor Systems for Avionics and Land Vehicles  First Silicon MEMS IMU/Gyro System  First MEMS Gyro FAA certification Another Side of Crossbow – Inertial Systems Eclipse 500 Virgin Atlantic Global Flyer

5. WSN Training: Intro to WSN & Mote Kits 5 Feb 2007 WSN Market Overview – “The Next Tier of the Internet" Year Availability of computing Interactivity Productivity Mainframe Workstation Number Crunching Data Storage Connectivity with Physical World Personal Computer Cellular phone

6. WSN Training: Intro to WSN & Mote Kits 6 Feb 2007 WSN Industries Research, Education Industrial Automation Building Automation Mobile Asset Management Environment Monitoring Physical Security

7. Feb 2007WSN Training: Intro to WSN & Mote Kits7 Introduction Wireless Sensor Networks and Crossbow’s Hardware Products Topics  Crossbow Background & the WSN Market  End-user Benefits/Motivation  MoteWorks and Wireless Products Overview

8. WSN Training: Intro to WSN & Mote Kits 8 Feb 2007 Why Deploy Wireless Sensor Networks? Across the various industries and markets, the benefits of wireless sensor networks can be grouped into three areas 1.Lower the cost of wiring or deploy “off-the-grid” 2.Build sensing networks for ad-hoc infrastructure 3.Enable new sensor applications where wiring is not possible

9. WSN Training: Intro to WSN & Mote Kits 9 Feb 2007 Benefits/Motivation Lower cost of wiring  Retrofit of existing systems  No power or IT infrastructure  Intrinsically safe apps

10. WSN Training: Intro to WSN & Mote Kits 10 Feb 2007 Benefits/Motivation (cont’d) Sensing networks for ad-hoc infrastructure  Start small and scale up  Incremental improvement of operations  Temporary monitoring or site auditing

11. WSN Training: Intro to WSN & Mote Kits 11 Feb 2007 Benefits/Motivation (cont’d) New applications where sensors have not been used before  Mobile equipment/people  Rapidly changing environment  Below ground / covert sensors  Atmospheric monitoring

12. WSN Training: Intro to WSN & Mote Kits 12 Feb 2007 XAV (Crossbow Aerial Vehicle) for Really Difficult Locations XAV Ground Station PC R/C Transmitter High Gain Wi-Fi

13. WSN Training: Intro to WSN & Mote Kits 13 Feb 2007 XAV Flight Test Data: 3D and 2D Position A separate training class on the XAV is available. Visit our website or see Susan Lee for details

14. WSN Training: Intro to WSN & Mote Kits 14 Feb 2007 Wireless Sensor Network – Architecture Processor-Radio-Data Logger “Mote” Sensor cluster or interface card Crossbow’s Focus

15. Feb 2007WSN Training: Intro to WSN & Mote Kits15 Introduction Wireless Sensor Networks and Crossbow’s Hardware Products Topics  Crossbow & The WSN Market  End-user Benefits/Motivations  MoteWorks and Wireless Products Overview

16. WSN Training: Intro to WSN & Mote Kits 16 Feb 2007 Crossbow Solution Design Engineering Services, Support and Training Software Platform Hardware Platform

17. WSN Training: Intro to WSN & Mote Kits 17 Feb 2007 Software Platform -- MoteWorks ™ Hardware Platform Database Mote Network Tier SW Development Tools TinyOS XMesh XOtap Server Tier Gateway Server SW (“XServe”) XMesh XOtap XML Database Custom Serial Forwarder Client Tier Monitoring & Management MoteView Data Visualization Analysis Management Configuration

18. WSN Training: Intro to WSN & Mote Kits 18 Feb 2007 Design Engineering Services Hardware Platform Processor/ Radio Boards OEM ModulesSensor BoardsGateway Boards Evaluation & Development Kits

19. WSN Training: Intro to WSN & Mote Kits 19 Feb 2007 Basic Anatomy of a Sensor Node

20. WSN Training: Intro to WSN & Mote Kits 20 Feb 2007 “What Type of Mote Do I Have?” (Review) Look at the number on the label with units in MHz or GHz MICA2 433 MHz MICA2 915 MHz MICAz 2.4 GHz

21. WSN Training: Intro to WSN & Mote Kits 21 Feb 2007 MICA2 and MICAz Wireless Modules Logger Flash ATMega128L  controller Analog I/O Digital I/O FSK, Freq. Tunable Radio 51-Pin Expansion Connector Antenna MMCX connector LEDs Serial ID FCC/ARIB certified Logger Flash ATMega128L  controller Analog I/O Digital I/O DSSS, 802.15.4 Radio 51-Pin Expansion Connector Antenna MMCX connector LEDs Serial ID MICAz (MPR2400) MICA2 (MPR400, MPR410, MPR420)

22. WSN Training: Intro to WSN & Mote Kits 22 Feb 2007 MICAz and MICA2 Core Hardware Components PlatformMICAzMICA2Information MicroprocessorATmega128L http://www.atmel.com RadioCC2420 (2.4 GHz) CC1000 (433 MHz, 868/916 MHz) http://www.chipcon.com/ External Serial Flash AT45DB041 512 Kbyte AT45DB041 512 Kbyte http://www.atmel.com The serial flash can be used for over-the-air- programming (OTAP) and/or data logging Unique ID (integrated circuit) DS2401P 64-bit DS2401P 64-bit http://www.maxim-ic.com/ This chip contains a unique 64 bit identifier. 51-Pin expansion connector Yes, except for OEM modules This connector brings out most of the ATmega128L signal

23. WSN Training: Intro to WSN & Mote Kits 23 Feb 2007 Atmega128 Resources (1 of 2) ResourceValueInformation Program Memory (Flash Memory) 128K Bytes This memory stores the application code. It is programmed through an MIB base station or using OTAP. When reprogrammed, the entire memory is erased except for the boot code section. SRAM4K Bytes This memory section is used to store user application parameters, XMesh variables and TinyOS variables. It also contains the stack. EEPROM4K Bytes This memory is used to store persistent values such as mote_id, radio frequency, etc. Timers 4 Timers, two 8 bit, two 16 bit TIMER0: (8 bit) is used by TinyOS and is available to the user only through the standard TinyOS clock services. TIMER1: (16 bit) is available to the user TIMER2: (8 bit) is only available to the user on the MICA2. For MICAz it is used by the TinyOS radio stack and cannot by used otherwise. TIMER3: (16bit) is available to the user. SPI Bus 1, but not available The SPI bus is reserved exclusively for the radio interface and is not available for user applications. The SPI bus is also used during reprogramming by the MIB units. I2C Bus1This is a standard serial interface to many sensors

24. WSN Training: Intro to WSN & Mote Kits 24 Feb 2007 Atmega128 Resources (2 of 2) ResourceValueInformation UART2 The processor has two UARTs that can be run in either an asynchronous or synchronous mode. UART0 is used for base station communication. UART1 is available to users. The control pins for this uart are shared with the serial flash. ADC8 channels There is a 10 bit ADC available for users. On MICA2 one channel is allocated for the radio’s RSSI. The ADC inputs are also used for JTAG so users should try to use other ADC inputs if possible if they wish to use the JTAG capability. GPIO There are many general purpose I/O lines available. Some of these support additional functionality (see ATmega128 manual) External Clock (High Speed) 7.3228 MHz This crystal speed is chosen to generate correct UART baud rates (57.6K baud). It is only needed for base station Motes that communicate over the UART or other user applications that communicate to external serial devices. Normally a non-base station mote is fuse programmed to use an internal 8 MHz clock as this clock has a faster start-up time and reduces the overall power consumption for a low-power mesh. The high speed clock is off when the MICA is sleeping. External Clock (Low Speed) 32 kHz This clock is used for TinyOS timing (TIMER0). It is always running even when the mote is sleeping as it’s used to wake-up the mote after the required sleep interval.

25. WSN Training: Intro to WSN & Mote Kits 25 Feb 2007 Atmega128 Fuses What are fuses? Programmable settings to put the ATMega128L processor into different modes of operation  For complete discussion of the fuses see http://www.atmel.com/dyn/resources/prod_documents/2467s.pdf. http://www.atmel.com/dyn/resources/prod_documents/2467s.pdf There are 3 types of fuses that MoteWorks users should be aware 1.Atmega103 compatibility fuse 2.JTAG fuse 3.XMesh operations See Appendix C of the XMesh User’s Manual for further reference

26. WSN Training: Intro to WSN & Mote Kits 26 Feb 2007 Syntax for UISP to Set and Read Fuses  -- is optional and can be left out. See the next slide for different settings  --rd_fuses lets you read and print to screen the fuse’s states  For more information type uisp –h in a Cygwin window for documentation MIB TypeGeneral Format for the UISP Command Line in Cygwin MIB510 uisp -dprog=mib510 -dserial=/dev/ttyS -dpart=ATMega128 –- –-rd_fuses MIB520 (Use the higher of the two COM ports) uisp -dprog=mib520 dserial=/dev/ttyS -dpart=ATMega128 –- –-rd_fuses MIB600 uisp -dprog=stk500 -dhost= -dpart=ATMega128 -- –-rd_fuses

27. WSN Training: Intro to WSN & Mote Kits 27 Feb 2007 Important Fuse Operations for XMesh Example: To make a high power mesh node use the internal oscillator via a MIB510 on COM1 XMesh configuration wr_fuse_hwr_fuse_lwr_fuse_e Description XMesh-LP or XMesh-ELP and OTAP disabled 0xd90xc40xff Internal oscillator (8MHz) enabled. JTAG disabled. XMesh-LP or XMesh-ELP and OTAP enabled 0xd80xc40xff Internal oscillator (8 MHz) enabled. JTAG disabled. Bootloader for OTAP XMesh-HP and OTAP enabled 0xd80xff Bootloader for OTAP Base Station (XMeshBase) 0xd90xff Enable the use of an external oscillator uisp -v -dprog=mib510 -dpart=ATmega128 -dserial=/dev/ttyS0 --wr_fuse_h=0xd9 --wr_fuse_l=0xff --wr_fuse_e=0xff --rd_fuses

28. WSN Training: Intro to WSN & Mote Kits 28 Feb 2007 A Shortcut to Set and Read Fuses Typing in the long UISP command can be cumbersome There is a script called “fuses” in /MoteWorks/tools/bin which allows the fuses to be read and written easily. (Screen shot below.)  You should be able to do this in any directory in a Cygwin window An even nicer alternative: Use MoteConfig (more later). $ fuses fuses Ver:$Id: fuses,v 1.1.4.1 2006/07/21 15:42:59 mturon Exp $ Usage: fuses [command] [port] [args] read = read fuses clkint = set to internal oscillator clkext = set to external oscillator jtagen = enable JTAG jtagdis = disable JTAG Command Flag ------- ------------------------------------------------------------ clkext --wr_fuse_l=0xff clkint --wr_fuse_l=0xc4 jtagdis --wr_fuse_h=0xd9 jtagen --wr_fuse_h=0x19 read --rd_fuses

29. WSN Training: Intro to WSN & Mote Kits 29 Feb 2007 MTS300/310 General Experimental Board Microphone / Tone Detector Temperature: Panasonic ERT-J1VR103J CdSe Photoresistor Sounder: Ario (centered at 4.5 kHz) Magnetometer: Honeywell HMC1002 (MTS310CA only) Resolution: 134 mGauss Accelerometer: ADI ADXL202 (MTS310CA only) 2 axis Resolution: ± 2mG

30. WSN Training: Intro to WSN & Mote Kits 30 Feb 2007 MTS3x0CA or MTS3x0CB? Probably most of you have the MTS300CBs and MTS310CBs. While they are largely identical to the MTS300CA and MTS310CA, there are two ways to distinguish them  CBs have a white sticker label on them  CBs have a green “jumper” wire soldered on one side of the board Take a moment to note which board you have and write that down at the front of your WSN training manual