1. Art and Literature in America

2. Immigrants 1815-1860 1815-1860 Over 5 million Over 5 million IRISH IRISH Largest wave of immigrants Largest wave of immigrants nearly 2 million nearly 2 million Potato famine in 1845 Potato famine in 1845 GERMANS GERMANS 2 nd largest group of immigrants 2 nd largest group of immigrants 1.5 million 1.5 million Escape violence, repressions, & failed revolutionaries Escape violence, repressions, & failed revolutionaries

3. Nativism feelings of hostility towards foreigners feelings of hostility towards foreigners Anti-Catholic: Supreme Order of the Star Spangled Banner, 1849 Anti-Catholic: Supreme Order of the Star Spangled Banner, 1849 Membership was secret and those questioned replied “I know nothing” Membership was secret and those questioned replied “I know nothing” Became known as the Know Nothings Became known as the Know Nothings

4. The Second Great Awakening Commitment to organized religion was weakening Commitment to organized religion was weakening 1800s revive American commitment to religion 1800s revive American commitment to religion Salvation through faith Salvation through faith Religion as American Culture Religion as American Culture Start several reform movements Start several reform movements Abolition Abolition Temperance Temperance

5. The Message Individuals must readmit God and Christ into their daily lives Individuals must readmit God and Christ into their daily lives All could attain grace through faith All could attain grace through faith

6. Charles Grandison Finney advocate of Second Great Awakening advocate of Second Great Awakening Everybody had the capacity for spiritual rebirth and salvation Everybody had the capacity for spiritual rebirth and salvation Founded modern revivalism Founded modern revivalism Warned against using to politics to change society Warned against using to politics to change society

7. Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints Mormons Mormons Joseph Smith, 1830 Joseph Smith, 1830 Published The Book of Mormon Published The Book of Mormon Brigham Young became the leader and they moved to Utah Brigham Young became the leader and they moved to Utah Build a kingdom on earth Build a kingdom on earth

8. Utopian Communities society tended to corrupt human nature society tended to corrupt human nature Way to a better life was to separate themselves from society and form their own utopia, or ideal society Way to a better life was to separate themselves from society and form their own utopia, or ideal society Cooperative living and the absence of private property Cooperative living and the absence of private property Brook Farm Brook Farm Onedia Community Onedia Community New Harmony New Harmony

9. Shakers Religious group Religious group Social & spiritual equality Social & spiritual equality Did not believe in marrying or having children so their group dissolved Did not believe in marrying or having children so their group dissolved

10. Literature Romanticism: Romanticism: feeling over reason feeling over reason inner spirituality over external rules, inner spirituality over external rules, individual over society individual over society nature over environments created by humans nature over environments created by humans Transcendentalism: Transcendentalism: New England writers New England writers Overcome limits of the mind Overcome limits of the mind Let their souls reach out Let their souls reach out

11. Ralph Waldo Emerson Most influential transcendentalist Most influential transcendentalist In Nature, 1836, In Nature, 1836, communion with the natural world communion with the natural world

12. Civil Disobedience Civil Disobedience Resistance to civil gov’t Resistance to civil gov’t Encouraged Martin Luther King, Jr. and Ghandi Encouraged Martin Luther King, Jr. and Ghandi Walden Walden Simple living; natural Simple living; natural

13. The Last of the Mohicans The Last of the Mohicans 1826 1826 The Leather Stocking Tales The Leather Stocking Tales Writes about West and U.S. adventures Writes about West and U.S. adventures Not about Great Britain = U.S. Nationalism Not about Great Britain = U.S. Nationalism

14. Short stories: Short stories: 2 major romances: 2 major romances: The Scarlett Letter The Scarlett Letter The House of Seven Gables The House of Seven Gables Dark Romanticism: guilt, sin, and evil are inherent qualities of people Dark Romanticism: guilt, sin, and evil are inherent qualities of people

15. Textbook author Textbook author Spelling reformer Spelling reformer “Father of American Scholarship and Education” “Father of American Scholarship and Education” Webster Dictionary Webster Dictionary American English (not British) American English (not British)

16. Father of the American Short Story Father of the American Short Story Legend of Sleepy Hollow Legend of Sleepy Hollow Rip Van Winkle Rip Van Winkle

17. Democracy in America Democracy in America Noticed uniquely American ideas: Noticed uniquely American ideas: Individualism Individualism Capitalism Capitalism

18. Wrote poems and short stories Wrote poems and short stories “The Raven” “The Raven” Tell-Tale Heart Tell-Tale Heart

19. Landscape painters Landscape painters Mid-1800s Mid-1800s Romanticism Romanticism American Art American Art Glorified American Landscape Glorified American Landscape

20. Penny Press Inexpensive newspapers Inexpensive newspapers Local news & gossip Local news & gossip Specialized Magazines Specialized Magazines Atlantic Monthly Atlantic Monthly Harper’s Weedkly Harper’s Weedkly Goedy’s Landy’s Book Goedy’s Landy’s Book