1. Development Aspects of the Nervous System Slide 7.75a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  The nervous system is formed during the first month of embryonic development  Any maternal infection can have extremely harmful effects  The hypothalamus is one of the last areas of the brain to develop

2. Development Aspects of the Nervous System Slide 7.75b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  No more neurons are formed after birth, but growth and maturation continues for several years  The brain reaches maximum weight as a young adult

3. Traumatic Brain Injuries (all one) Slide 7.49 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Concussion  Slight brain injury  No permanent brain damage  Contusion  Nervous tissue destruction occurs  Nervous tissue does not regenerate  Cerebral edema  Swelling from the inflammatory response  May compress and kill brain tissue

4. Paralyzation Damage suffered to the spinal cord –Causes: trauma (car/motorcycle accident, gunshot, falls, sports injuries, etc), or disease (Transverse Myelitis, Polio, Spina Bifida) –Quadriplegia= if the injury is in the Cervical (neck) region (C4-C7) Paralysis of whole trunk plus arms and legs –Paraplegia= if the injury is in the Thoracic or Lumbar regions (T1-L1) Usually paralysis of legs and possibly areas of trunk (Bladder and bowel may be affected) –Hemiplegia = damage to motor areas on one side of brain (leads to paralysis of opposite side of body)

5. Cerebrovascular Accident (CVA) Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Commonly called a stroke  third leading cause of death in America and a leading cause of adult disability  Occurs when blood clot, blocks an artery or a blood vessel, breaks interrupting blood flow to an area of the brain  Brain tissue supplied with oxygen from that blood source dies  abilities controlled by that area of the brain are lost  abilities include speech, movement and memory (depends on part of brain affected and how severely damaged)

6. Remember from Cardio. Unit Atherosclerosis-build of fatty deposits Thrombus- blood clot that develops –If in brain a stroke will follow

7. Bleeding within the brain Intracerebral hemorrhage - bleeding in the tissue of the cerebrum Subarachnoid hemorrhage – rare: spontaneous rupture of an artery near the brain and leaks blood into subarachnoid space between coverings of brain. Life threatening and needs emergency medical treatment. Cut off blood to that vessel Subdural hemorrhage – bleeding inside skull between two outer membranes –Caused by blow to head (can build up) –Surgery to drain blood necessary

8. Alzheimer’s Disease Slide 7.51 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Progressive degenerative brain disease  Mostly seen in the elderly, but may begin in middle age  Structural changes in the brain include abnormal protein deposits and twisted fibers within neurons  Victims experience memory loss, irritability, confusion and ultimately, hallucinations and death

9. Parkinson’s disorder of the central nervous system causes shaking, rigid muscles, slow movements, and poor balance chemical imbalances in a small area deep within the middle of the brain (Lack Dopamine) –Neurotransmitter (neurons do not communicate) Cause is Unknown (Family/injury????) Progressive – worsens with time

10. Cerebral Palsy Abnormalities of movement and posture Caused by damage to immature brain Not a specific disease –Group of disorders from damage to a developing brain

11. Epilepsy Recurrent seizures or brief episodes of altered consciousness Caused by abnormal electrical activity in the brain –Causes of this activity unknown