1. Essentials of Anatomy & Physiology, 4th Edition Martini / Bartholomew PowerPoint ® Lecture Outlines prepared by Alan Magid, Duke University The Tissue Level of Organization The Tissue Level of Organization 4 4 Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slides 1 to 64

2. Overview of Tissue Science Four Basic Tissue Types Epithelial Connective Neural = Nervous Muscular Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings “Every Concert Needs Music”

3. Overview of Tissue Science Key Note Tissues are collections of cells that perform a specific but limited range of functions. The four tissue types form all of the structures of the human body. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

4. Overview of Tissue Science An Orientation to the Tissues of the Body Figure 4-1 Learn the functions on the right hand side of this figure. Make flashcards!

5. Epithelial Tissue Epithelium A layer of cells that forms a barrier that covers internal or external surfaces. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Think: “on surface”

6. Epithelial Tissue Characteristics of Epithelia Cells closely packed (think “bricks”) Located on an external or internal surface Cells attached to basement membrane (“mortar at the base”) Lack blood vessels (nourished by diffusion of nutrients.) Cells continually replaced as needed (“conveyer belt”) Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

7. Epithelial Tissue Two Classes of Glandular Secretion Exocrine secretion—Secretion onto a body surface Ex: sweat, breast milk, ear wax, mucus from respiratory tract Endocrine secretion—Secretion (of hormones) into neighboring tissues and blood Ex: insulin, glucagon, calcitonin, PTH Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

8. Epithelial Tissue The Epithelial Surface Microvilli (extremely small-need electron microscope to see) Abundant on transport cells Dramatically increase surface area Ex: intestinal lining, kidney tubules Cilia (can see with ordinary microscope) Beat in coordinated fashion Move fluid along surface Ex: airways (move mucus), oviduct (move the egg) Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

9. Epithelial Tissue The Surfaces of Epithelial Cells Figure 4-3

10. Epithelial Tissue Epithelial Renewal and Repair Epithelial cells are continually being lost, shed, or destroyed. Cells are continually being replaced by repeated mitotic cell divisions. Cells grow up from base. Ex: skin, intestinal lining Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

11. Epithelial Tissue Table 4-1 SQUASHED! Know This Cold!

12. Epithelial Tissue Simple Squamous Epithelium Figure 4-4(a) Found in linings of body cavities and inside of mouth/nasal passages

13. Epithelial Tissue Simple Cuboidal Epithelium Figure 4-4(b) Forms the inner walls of glands

14. Epithelial Tissue Simple Columnar Epithelium Figure 4-4(c) Forms inner lining of digestive tract

15. Epithelial Tissue Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar Figure 4-5(a) Know that these ciliated columnar cells form the lining of the respiratory tract. The cilia move mucus (that traps unwanted particles and germs) upwards toward the mouth.

16. Epithelial Tissue Transitional Epithelium Figure 4-5(b) These cells are STRETCHY.

17. Epithelial Tissue Stratified Squamous Epithelium Figure 4-5(c) The epidermis of the skin is made of these cells. Dead surface cells are shed in large numbers.

18. Connective Tissues Connective Tissues Components Cells are spaced apart from each other Extracellular matrix separates the cells and contains… Protein fibers Fluid phase (the ground substance) Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

19. Connective Tissues Functions Structural framework Ex: bones & ligaments Fluid and solute transport Ex: blood & lymph fluid Physical protection Ex: bone, fat Tissue interconnection Ex: ligaments & tendons Energy storage Ex: fat Microorganism defense Ex: white blood cells & antibodies (special proteins) Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

20. Connective Tissues Major Types of Connective Tissue Figure 4-7

21. Connective Tissues Connective Tissue Proper Protein fibers Collagen fibers provide toughness not stretchy Elastic fibers Provides stretchiness like rubber bands Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

22. Connective Tissues Cells and Fibers of Connective Tissue Proper Figure 4-8

23. Connective Tissues Connective Tissue Proper Three types Loose connective tissue Example: beneath dermis of skin Adipose tissue Example: “love handles” Dense connective tissue Examples: dermis, tendons, ligaments Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

24. Connective Tissues Loose Connective Tissue Figure 4-9(a)

25. Connective Tissues Adipose Tissue Figure 4-9(b) The adipocytes that will appear on the test will be colored yellow, like fat. Notice that the cells are separated by a matrix of fibers.

26. Connective Tissues Dense Connective Tissues Figure 4-9(c) This tissue doesn’t stretch. Imagine if it did! s and ligaments

27. Connective Tissues Fluid Connective Tissues Cells + liquid ground substance Blood RBCs, WBCs, platelets + plasma Lymph Lymphocytes + lymph fluid Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

28. Connective Tissues Supporting Connective Tissue Support the body Bone Osteocytes (bone cells) + collagen + calcium phosphate (hard bone mineral) Cartilage Chondrocytes (cartilage cells) + firm gel Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

29. Connective Tissues Supporting Connective Tissue Cartilage No blood supply – depends on diffusion of nutrients Three types of cartilage (know ‘em) Hyaline cartilage Elastic cartilage Fibrocartilage Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

30. Connective Tissues Hyaline Cartilage Figure 4-10(a) Hyaline means “glassy.”

31. Connective Tissues Elastic Cartilage Figure 4-10(b) The elastic fibers (made of a protein called “elastin” are like microscopic “rubber bands.”

32. Connective Tissues Fibrocartilage Figure 4-10(c) Collagen fibers do NOT stretch & are very strong.

33. Connective Tissues Bone Matrix properties Collagen fibers resist bending Calcium phosphate mineral resists compression Diffusion through tiny canals nourishes osteocytes (=bone cells) Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

34. Connective Tissues Bone Figure 4-11 Canaliculi means “tiny canals.” Osteocytes = bone cells. Notice that they are far apart from each other just like in other connective tissues. Matrix is made of calcium phosphate.

35. Membranes Figure 4-12

36. Muscle Tissue Properties of Muscle Tissue Capable of contraction Three types of muscle tissue Skeletal muscle (voluntary) moves bones (fast twitch) Cardiac muscle (involuntary) pumps blood fast twitch) Smooth muscle (involuntary) moves internal organs (slow twitch) Ex: urinary bladder, uterus, intestines, blood vessel walls Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

37. Muscle Tissue Skeletal Muscle Tissue Contains elongated cells (“muscle fibers”) Possesses microscopic striations Contains several nuclei per cell Controlled by voluntary nervous system Moves and stabilizes the skeleton Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

38. Muscle Tissue Skeletal Muscle Tissue Figure 4-13(a) Notice the vertical striations. Found only in skeletal and cardiac (not smooth) muscle.

39. Muscle Tissue Cardiac Muscle Tissue Only in heart Shorter, branched fibers Striated Involuntary contraction Pushes blood Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

40. Muscle Tissue Cardiac Muscle Tissue Figure 4-13(b) Notice the dark, vertical intercalated disks.

41. Muscle Tissue Smooth Muscle Tissue Short, tapering cells No striations Involuntary contraction Blood vessels Urinary bladder Digestive organs Uterus Thanks goodness they are slow contracting!! Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

42. Muscle Tissue Smooth Muscle Tissue Figure 4-13(c) Notice the large number of darker oval nuclei.

43. Neural (=Nervous) Tissue Properties of Neural Tissue Conduct impulses Transfer, process, and store information Composed of neurons Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

44. Neural Tissue Neurons (= “nerve cells”) Dendrites transfer “information” TO cell body.” Cell body Information integration Axon (nerve fibers) transfer information AWAY from cell body. Synaptic terminals Information transfer to next neuron Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

45. Neural Tissue Figure 4-14