1. Imperialism in Asia
India and Gandhi

2. Asia

3. British in India By the Mid 1800’s, British controlled 60% of India
Created railroads and industry
British gained control by putting the diverse cultures against one another
British East India Company-
trade company that gained political control
Major goal of company was to make $$

5. British Cause Major Problems
Hindu was one of the primary religions in India
British Changed Social/Religious Laws:
Sepoy, (Indian troops), were allowed to serve overseas which went against Hindu values and caste system.
Allowed Hindu widows to re-marry
Stopped “suttee” Upper-class widows committing suicide at husbands funeral by throwing self on burial fire. Show of dedication to husband.

6. Problems continued
Distributed new rifles greased with animal fat which went against their religion, both Hindu and Muslim
Hindu: cow scared
Muslim: Can’t eat pig
British had little regard for culture and religion. Ignorant to values of the people they were ruling
British were trying to “modernize,” and keep the peace.

7. Sepoy Rebellion
Army not happy with Brits, forced to go against religious beliefs
British had changed the guns to vegetable oil, however, the rumor had spread and they did not trust the British
Rose up and rebelled against religious intolerance
Some made allies with Muslims in the name of freedom
Rebellion was squashed and resulted in direct control of the crown

8. The good and the bad British Influence: Good things:
Introduced modern technology, medicine, brought about peace among villages and education. Connected rural areas with the Railroads
Inspired nationalism among Indians who wanted freedom from their oppressors
Bad things:
Cause food shortage from population explosion, stepped on religious values and culture, restricted rights and promoted inequalities

9. For and Against
Nationalists wanted British influence gone quick and forever
Indian National Congress want to combine British education, ideas with Indian tradition and use peaceful protests to gain independence

10. him
                                                                                          

11. Gandhi Mahatma Gandhi- Indian Nationalist Believed in peaceful protest
Hindu
Business class
Part of Indian National Congress
Fought for rights in South Africa and India

12. Gandhi in India
Used peaceful protests, non-cooperation and fasting to fight off British control of the country
Did not believe in material things
Made own clothes and used the food from the land to survive

13. Important protests
British control: Protesting oppressive British Laws and control of the country
Indigo protest: Gandhi made own clothes to protest British hold on the textile industry. Gandhi got rid of all material things to get back to the culture of India. Only wore things made from his hands
Salt march: British Law against Hindu’s making their own salt. Gandhi marched 240 miles to sea to produce salt
Massacre: British general made a law against public Indian assembly

14. Amritsar
Giving no word of warning, 50 soldiers were ordered to fire into the gathering, and for 10 minutes 1,650 rounds of ammunition were unloaded into the screaming, terrified crowd, some of whom were trampled by those desperately trying to escape. According to official estimates, nearly 379 civilians were killed, and another 1,100 were left wounded with no medical attention

15. Gandhi's influence Supported Indian nationalism
Attempted to erase class distinction
Promote unity and acceptance
Tried to erase religious tensions among Christians, Muslims, and Hindu's of India

16. After Independence
Mahatma Gandhi, aged 78, was on the way to a prayer meeting, when he was shot three times in the chest by a fellow Hindu. Gandhi died on January 30, 1948.
“Be the change that you want to see in the world.” Mohandas Gandhi

17. Effects of British Indian nationalism inflamed Modern technology
Famine and poverty, Indians stopped farming and producing food, and became over focused on cash crops (cotton, indigo)
Class system dissolved
Pakistan for Muslims

18. Moving Across Asia
China and the British

19. What’s the deal with China?
Brits in China, Why go there?
Chinese had strict control of their trade. They made more of a profit then those selling to the Chinese
China felt superior to the West and therefore felt they did not need any of their products

20. Two major Reasons
China was in an overall decline, and England saw an opportunity
Industrial Revolution!!!
China was no longer the most advanced country. China’s refusal to modernize and trade left them with outdated technology and a weakening economy

21. Get ‘em when they are down
British discovered their upper hand, trading Opium for tea
Chinese became addicted and began buying more and more of the drug, ruining Chinese economy
British knew that the drug was addictive, and it was outlawed in England

22. What’s India got to do with it?
Opium is grown in India
Brittishs controlled trade in India
Easy trade route to China from India

23. Opium Wars Chinese tried to outlaw Opium trade
British pushed through and ignored the law, claiming they had “free trade”
Violence erupted- Chinese clashed with Brittish Merchant ships on the sea
British overpowered with newer technology

24. Two Wars
Opium Wars fought in two parts, and both times Chinese were defeated by the British
British warships had faster guns, shot longer distance
Boats were faster, stronger
Chinese failed and were forced to bargain

25. Glory to Ghastly Treaty of Nanjing-
British opened more trade ports, (only had one legal before)
British got control of Hong Kong Island
Had free trade without limitations
Extraterritoriality
Indemnity
“most favorable nation”
Caused increased Chinese resentment of British
With China weak, other nations began carving it up, and the US set up an “open door policy” for trade

30. Effects on Chinese
After the opium wars, China was greatly weakened and occupied by many diff. countries
HOWEVER, the Chinese did not want to be controlled by foreigners and wanted to enjoy their freedom and therefore, fought a series of rebellions
Taiping Rebellion,
War with Japan,
.Boxer Rebellion,

31. After Effect
China was hesitant to reform because it wanted to maintain its “golden days” and was afraid that if the modernized they would loose their traditions and territory
After the Boxer Rebellion, China realized the need for modernization
Did modernize and eventually form a democratic republic, but was weak b/c of internal struggles, had STRONGnationalism but not unity

32. Japan’s Decision Look through your books on pgs. 342-347.
How was Imperialism in Japan similar to what was happening in China?
How was it different?
What was the Meiji Restoration?
How was Japan able to defeat China in war?

33. Peasants, Merchants, etc.
Japanese Feudalism
Samurai – lived by Bushido, the “way of the warrior” (chivalric code)
Ronin – those samurai without masters
Shogun
Ninja – a warrior trained to use unorthodox fighting methods (assassination, espionage, martial arts)
Daimyo
Samurai
Peasants, Merchants, etc.

34. Japanese Culture and Economy
Religion
Mixture of native Shintoism (living spirits in all things) and Chinese Confucianism (based on the teachings of Confucius)
Economy
Growing internal trade during the Edo period
Merchants began to surpass the samurai in wealth
Rigid social stratification
But these limits were being tested by the end of the Tokugawa shogunate

35. End of Japanese Isolation
U.S. Commodore Matthew Perry ( )
1853 – gunboat diplomacy
1854 – trade treaty with the United States
Great Britain, Holland (Netherlands), and Russia soon gained similar trading rights
Townsend Harris ( )
United States Consul General to Japan
1858 – commercial treaty between U.S. and Japan

36. Japanese Reaction Pros Cons
“Dutch Learning” (Western knowledge) became very popular among many doctors, scholars, and scientists
Western knowledge went against many traditional Japanese beliefs
Japanese entrepreneurs, merchants, and budding industrialists stood to profit from increased trade
Traditional holders of prestige and power (daimyos and samurai) did not tend to profit from increased trade
Resentment
Extraterritorial rights of Americans and Europeans
Anti-foreign uprisings ( )
Japanese ports in turn bombarded by foreign ships
Solution
“If you can’t beat ‘em, join ‘em”
Japanese could benefit from knowledge of what happened to China
Japanese felt that they would be in a better position to renegotiate the trade treaties, and be less likely to be imposed upon, if they adopted Western ways (democracy, imperialism, industrialization, militarization, and modernization) – westernization

37. Meiji Restoration Shogun forced to relinquish power
Power officially in hands of Emperor Mutsuhito
His reign was called the “Meiji”
Japan westernized
Quickly went to work crafting a constitution

38. Governmental Reforms Diet – Japan’s bicameral legislature
First convened – 1889
Meiji (Imperial) Constitution
Adopted – 1890
Followed until the end of World War II

39. Economic Reforms Abolition of feudalism Currency (yen) adopted, 1872
Encouragement of foreign trade
Expansion and encouragement of industrialization
Growth of factories
First large factories manufactured textiles
First textile factory workers were girls and women
Land reform
Zaibatsu (large conglomerates) built and expanded

40. Military Reforms
Before the Meiji era: Armies were run by local daimyo and thus not subservient to a central government
Meiji era: Modern army and navy established which were loyal to the Japanese government
Used Prussia (Germany) as primary model
Firm belief that if Japan was to be taken seriously by Western powers, and was to avoid China’s fate, Japan would have to compete militarily
Conscription (1873) – all men had to serve for three years after turning twenty-one

41. Social Reforms Universal compulsory elementary education
Universities established
Westernization of many laws
Tokyo University

42. Social Changes
Adoption of Western architecture, fashions, music, and literary styles (magazines and novels)
Diversity of intellectual and political thought
Growing independence and empowerment of women
Movement of peasants from countryside to factories

43. Imperialization of Japan
Why become Imperial Nation?
Lack of fertile land for agriculture
Markets for finished products
Need for the raw materials of industry
Population growth
Response to Western imperialism

44. Meiji Japan at War First Sino-Japanese War (1894-1895)
Gained:
Formosa (Taiwan)
Liaotung Peninsula (Manchuria) – soon forced to relinquish it
Sphere of influence in Korea
Russo-Japanese War ( )
Destruction of Russian fleet
Finally respected as a world power
Treaty of Portsmouth, 1905
U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt won Noble Peace Prize
Japan was granted the southern part of Sakhalin Island and a large sphere of influence in Manchuria
Annexation of Korea (1910)
World War I
Joined Allies
Received Germany’s mandates over Asian islands and its leases in the Shantung Peninsula

45. Review Questions
How did the government of Japan change during the Meiji restoration?
Describe Japan’s rationale for its westernization.
Describe Japan’s imperialism and militarization.