1. Environmental Science: Toward a Sustainable Future Richard T. Wright
Chapter 6
Population and Development
PPT by Clark E. Adams

2. Population and Development
Reassessing the demographic transition
Promoting development – good and bad news
A new direction: social modernization
The Cairo conference

3. What Is Unique about Kerala?

4. Kerala When Compared to India
Life expectancy 71 years versus 61 for India
Infant mortality 17/1,000 versus 72/1,000 for India
Fertility rate 1.8 versus 3.3 for India

5. Kerala When Compared to India
95% literacy rate
All villages in state have access to school and modern health services
Women as well educated as men

6. In Brief, This Chapter Is About
Improving the lives of people
Reducing fertility rates
Protecting the environment

7. Reassessing the Demographic Transition
Development must be linked to a reduction in poverty
Existing poverty is an affront to humanity and should not be tolerated
Both poverty and development are threats to the health of the environment

8. Demographic Transition: Developed and Developing Countries

9. The Demographic Window

10. Fertility Rate and Income

11. Reasons for Large Families in Developing Countries
Old age security
Infant and childhood mortality rates
Children are an economic asset
Importance of education
Status of women
Availability of contraceptives

12. The Poverty Cycle

13. How the Work Gets Done in Developing Countries

14. Discuss Interrelationships of Factors Influencing Family Size
Importance of education and children viewed as economic assets or liabilities
Status of women and importance of education
Income and old age security
Cultural views on child-bearing
Contraceptive use and availability

15. Contraceptive Prevalence and Fertility Rates
Percent Using Contraceptive

16. Contraceptives
Psychological/Behavioral: abstention, calendar rhythm method
Mechanical: condoms, diaphragms
Chemical: the pill, Norplant
Surgical: tubal ligation, vasectomy
Intrauterine Devices (IUD): abortion device

17. Contraceptive Use and Fertility Rates

19. Adult Female Illiteracy: A Global Comparison

20. Promoting Development: Good and Bad News
Millennium development goals
World agencies at work
The debt crisis
Development aid

21. Some Sobering Facts
One-fifth of the world’s population (1.2 billion) live on less than $1/day
1.5 billion lack access to clean water
2.4 billion lack access to sanitary facilities

22. Some Sobering Facts 790 million are malnourished
Environmental degradation is rampant
Fertility rates highest in poorest countries

23. Millennium Development Goals (Table 6-2)
Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger
Achieve universal primary education
Promote gender equality and empower women
Reduce child mortality

24. Millennium Development Goals (Table 6-2)
Improve maternal health
Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases
Ensure environmental sustainability
Forge a global partnership for development

25. Millennium Development Goal

26. World Agencies at Work: The World Bank
Helped initiate the Millennium Development Goals
Environmental strategy: Making Sustainable Commitments

27. World Agencies at Work: The World Bank
No increased GNP
Increased absolute poverty
Large-scale decentralized projects: hydroelectric dams
Large cattle operations (see Fig. 6-9)
Cash crops

28. World Bank Reform Improving the quality of life
Improving the quality of growth
Improving the quality of the regional and global commons

29. The Debt Crisis $2.44 trillion in 2001 The typical credit–debt trap
Creditor countries primary beneficiaries

30. Coping with the Debt Crisis
Grow cash crops
Develop austerity measures
Exploit natural resources

31. Development Aid

32. A New Direction: Social Modernization
Improving education for girls and women
Improving health and lowering infant mortality
Making family planning accessible
Enhancing income through employment opportunities
Improving resource management

33. The Greatest Challenge to Health Care in Developing Countries
AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome)

34. Effect of AIDS on Future Population Structure

35. Impacts of AIDS Epidemic
90% of all HIV-infected people (50 million by 2004) live in developing countries
Life expectancy in Botswana was 61 years in 1980 – now 39 years
One million elementary students lost teachers
25 million AIDS orphans in developing world by 2010

36. Family Planning
Counseling on: STDs, contraceptives, spacing children, pregnancy avoidance
Supplying contraceptives
Pre- and postnatal care

37. More or Less?
Cutbacks in family-planning services lead to (more or less) unwanted pregnancies and (more or less) demand for abortions.

38. Employment and Income: Grameen Bank Loans (Microlending)
Primarily to women
Do not upset existing social structure
Utilize local resources
Utilize central work places
Help develop self-reliance

39. Resource Management Replant trees Prevent erosion
Resource management educational programs

40. Putting It All Together: Social Development

41. The 1994 Cairo Conference
All nations agreed that population is an issue of crisis proportions that must be confronted forthrightly.
Formulated the 1994 International Conference on Population and Development Program of Action (ICPD Program of Action)

42. The 1994 ICPD Program of Action
Maintaining and enhancing productivity of natural resources
Empowerment of women
Emphasis on family

43. The 1994 ICPD Program of Action
Enhancing reproductive and basic health of women and children
Improve education opportunities for women
Reduce population migrations
International cooperation (0.7% GNP of developed world)

44. End of Chapter 6