1. Organic Chemistry
Chapter 9

2. Carbon or Organic Chemistry
The study of elements and compounds found in living things
“carbon compounds” – carbon (element of life)
Carbon forms millions of compounds

3. The element carbon Atomic mass – 12 amu Atomic number – 6
Protons – 6; electrons – 6; neutrons – 6
Valence electrons: 4
Allotropes – different molecular configurations
A number of these exist.
The most commonly found – diamond, graphite, amorphous carbon such as charcoal, fullerenes

4. Properties of Organic Compounds
Contain C and H, often combined with a few other elements such as O and N
Exist as a gas, liquid or low melting solids with strong odors;
nonelectrolytes

5. When carbon is bonding with itself, describe as a covalent bond and/or a carbon to carbon bond
Ways C atoms can bond with other C atoms:
C-C Single Bond
C=C Double Bond
CΞC Triple Bond
Carbon can form up to four(4) covalent bonds.

6. Three types of formulas used for carbon compounds:
Three types of formulas used for carbon compounds: molecular formula – C2H8 graphic formula – CH3CH2CH3 structural formula -
Video

7. Isomers Branches of the same compounds
Showing a different order of the elements in the compound
Have same empirical formula, but different structural formula
Examples: glucose, fructose, galactose

8. Hydrocarbons – contain carbon and hydrogen bonded by covalent bonds
Saturated – bond of hydrogen and carbon in a single bond / only singles
Unsaturated – bond of hydrogen and carbon in a double or triple bonds/ at least one double or triple

9. Alkanes Straight chains, branched chains, or rings of H and C
Examples
Methane: CH4
Ethane: C2H6
Propane: C3H8
Straight chains, branched chains, or rings of H and C
Single bonds only
Saturated
Formula: 2n + 2

10. Alkenes
Straight or branch chained hydrocarbons that have one or more carbon to carbon double bonds
Unsaturated
Formula: 2n
Examples
Ethene: C2H4
Propene: C3H6

11. Ethyne or acetylene: C2H2
Alkynes
Straight or branch chained hydrocarbons having one or more carbon to carbon triple bonds
Unsaturated
Most reactive type
Formula: 2n-2
Examples
Ethyne or acetylene: C2H2
Propyne: C3H4

12. Aromatic Hydrocarbon Benzene C6H6
Ring of 6 carbon atoms joined by single and double bonds
Benzene – simplest aromatic hydrocarbon
Many have strong odors or aromas
Benzene C6H6

13. Substituted Hydrocarbons
Alcohols – take out an H and replace it with OH
propanol (rubbing alcohol) ; ethanol
Organic Acids – double bonded and have COOH
acetic acid (vinegar), citric acid
Esters – combination of alcohol and organic acids. Formulas have OH and COOH. polyesters
Amines – contain an amino group -NH2
amino acids

14. Important biological compounds
Also known as biochemicals
Essential to life
Are usually polymers – large molecules made up of smaller repeating units called monomers

15. Types include
Carbohydrates – have H, O, and C. Sugars, starches, cellulose (basic units are sugars)- basic monomers are monosaccharides or simple sugars- supply energy for organisms, store energy and serve as building materials for cells
Lipids – Fats (solid at room temp) and oils (liquid at room temp) and waxes (made up of fatty acids and glycerol)- contain C, H, O – provide large amounts of energy, store energy, serve as building materials for cells

16. Nucleic Acids – DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA (ribonucleic acid) –C, H, O, N and P – basic monomers are nucleotides- store and transmit hereditary information, serve as blueprints for building living things
Proteins – build and repair body parts- made up of amino acids (building blocks of proteins) – C, H, O, N, and some other elements such as S and Fe- control rate of cell processes, serve as building materials for muscles and bones, transport substances

17. Polymers
Monomer –Single block of material that can be repeated and connected.
Polymer – long chain of monomers linked together.
Plastics – polymer based material that can be easily molded into shapes.
Synthetic Fibers – strand of a man-made synthetic polymer. (polyester and dacron)
Natural polymer – made in nature. Cocoon, silk, proteins in the body.

18. Important reactions in cells
Cells are basic building blocks of organisms (living things).
Two important chemical processes – photosynthesis and cellular respiration

19. Photosynthesis
Process of converting carbon dioxide and water to simple sugars
6CO H2O C6H12O carbon dioxide + water yields glucose
Occurs in organisms that have chlorophyll – usually plants

20. Cellular Respiration