1. Molecules of Life

2.  Most “life” molecules have a backbone of carbon.  Carbon can form 4 bonds so many atoms can bond and branch off.  Many molecules are composed mostly of carbon & hydrogen = Hydrocarbons

3.  Biomolecules may be made of hundreds to millions of atoms!  Large molecules are built from smaller, repeating units. Monomer = Polymer = Small molecular units that make up a polymer. Long chains of monomers.

5.  Classified into four main groups  Carbohydrates  Lipids  Proteins  Nucleic Acids

6. -Made of: Monosaccharides These are simple sugars. - When you put monosaccharides together, you get: Polysaccharide STRUCTURE:

7.  Starch – stored energy in plants  Glycogen – stored energy in animals  Cellulose – structural support in plants - A key source of energy for the body. -They turn into energy for all cells. Examples of Carbohydrates :

8.  Monomers: Glycerol & Fatty Acids  Polymers: Fat  Energy Storage  Hydrophobic: ◦ “Water Fearing”

9. ◦ Saturated Fat – all fatty acid chains contain max of hydrogen atoms (all single bonds). ◦ Solid at room temperature. ◦ Contribute to an unhealthy diet.

10.  Unsaturated Fats – contain less than the maximum number of hydrogen atoms in the fatty acid chains.  Liquid at room temp.  Healthier choice.

11.  Carbon skeleton forms four fused rings.  Chemical Message  Example: ◦ Testosterone (male hormone) ◦ Estrogen (female hormone) ◦ Cholesterol

12.  Monomer: Amino Acid  Polymer: Polypeptide  Examples & Uses: ◦ Body Structures: Hair, Fur, Nails, Muscle. ◦ Long Term Nutrient Storage. ◦ Body Defense – Receptors on Cells ◦ Control Chemical Reactions

13.  Watch enzyme animations:  http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XTUm- 75-PL4&feature=related http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XTUm- 75-PL4&feature=related

14.  Used to speed up chemical reactions in a cell. (lowers the amount of energy needed)  End in “ase” ◦ Protease breaks down proteins ◦ Lipase breaks down fats  Enzymes are catalysts: ◦ Speeds up reaction, can be used over and over again. The reaction does not change it (like a key!)  Acts on a substrate: ◦ The substance that is changed during the reaction.

15.  An enzyme lowers the energy needed so that the reaction can work at normal cell temperatures

16.  Visualize that our classroom is now a cell, and you are either an enzyme (key) or a substance to be broken down called a substrate (lock).  Circulate to find which enzymes are specific to our substrates.  Quick Write: How does this activity help to represent the role of enzymes?

17. How an Enzyme Works:  Shape of an enzyme only fits particular molecules (substrate)  Active site → where the substrate fits

19.  Proteins are made of chains of amino acids twisted, folded and coiled into a unique shape.  Analogy: ◦ Yarn = string of amino acids ◦ Sweater= protein with a purpose!  The “folds” determine the function.  Denaturation: When proteins are affected and lose their shape. Ex: Frying an Egg

20.  Cut the two different colors of paper into interlocking puzzle pieces.  Label one color ENZYME (Amylase) Label the other SUBSTRATE (Cracker)  On the enzyme, label the point at which the it locks into the substrate = ACTIVE SITE  Cut out a small chunk of paper out of the substrate where it touches the active site of the enzyme. Label the little piece = e-  At point of missing e-, cut the substrate in half.  Push the enzyme into the substrate to split the products!