1. Chemistry of Life

2. UNIT 2 - BIOMOLECULES
Compare the structure/function of the major biological molecules (carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids) as related to the survival of living organisms.
Explain how enzymes act as catalysts for biological reactions.
Understand enzymes are necessary for all biochemical reactions and have a general understanding of how enzymes work in terms of the connection between shape and function.

3. BIOMOLECULES ORGANIC = ___________________________________ N H C S OH
all contain carbon as backbone N H C S OH C
SINGLE
BOND C C C H
DOUBLE
BOND
TRIPLE
BOND
RING
STRUCTURE

4. BIOMOLECULES MONOMER POLYMER LARGER MOLECULES ATOMS MOLECULES
one
part
CARBOHYDRATE
many
parts
single molecule,
repeating unit of polymer
larger molecule,
made of many repeating units (monomers)
LIPID
PROTEIN
NUCLEIC ACID

5. 1C:2H:1O CARBOHYDRATES CONTAIN – CARBON, HYDROGEN, & OXYGEN
MONOMER =
POLYMER =
MONOSACCHARIDE
DISACCHARIDE
POLYSACCHARIDE
glucose
sucrose
starch
lactose
fructose
glycogen
galactose
cellulose
KNOW FUNCTIONS
OF EXAMPLES IN YELLOW
chitin
deoxyribose
ribose

6. LIPIDS N0N-POLAR HYDROPHOBIC (does not mix with water) Triglycerides
(fats & oils)
long-term energy storage, insulation, cushioning/protection
Waxes
protection, prevent drying out / keep dry
Phospholipids
main component of cell membrane
chemical messengers, cholesterol,
sex hormones (estrogen, testosterone)
Steroids

7. LIPIDS FATS - Triglycerides – OILS -
solid, saturated fatty acid tails, animals (lard, butter)
GLYCEROL
FATTY ACID
FATTY ACID
FATTY ACID
OILS -
double
bond
liquid, unsaturated fatty acid tails, plants (vegetable oils)
What is the difference between a saturated fatty acid & an unsaturated fatty acid?
unsaturated
saturated

8. PROTEINS Monomer – amino acid peptide bonds Polymer – polypeptide
joined together by
Polymer –
polypeptide
Large 3-D molecule that undergoes folding and bending of the polypeptide.
Shape is determined by the ____________ and ____________ of amino acids.
number
sequence
Examples:
structure –
hair, fingernails, horns, and hoofs
muscles –
contract for movement
immune system –
antibodies, fight infections
hormones –
chemical messengers
receptor sites –
part of cell membrane; other molecules attach to them
insulin –
regulates blood glucose levels
hemoglobin –
part of red blood cells; carries oxygen to cells

9. regulate all biochemical reactions in an organism
PROTEINS
ENZYMES
regulate all biochemical reactions in an organism
BIOLOGICAL CATALYST
speeds up chemical reaction
by lowering activation energy
METABOLISM
ENZYME……
NOT PART OF
CHEMICAL
REACTION
KEEPS SHAPE
RE-USED
LOCK AND KEY MODEL

10. PROTEINS
ENZYMES

11. NUCLEIC ACIDS DNA – RNA – deoxyribonucleic acid 2 strands double helix
carries genetic information;
controls what occurs in cells
2 strands
double helix
RNA –
ribonucleic acid
involved in making proteins
1 strand

12. NUCLEIC ACIDS nucleotide monomer = P P DNA A (adenine) C (cytosine)
Each nucleotide is composed of:
5-carbon sugar (ribose or
deoxyribose)
phosphate molecule P
nitrogenous base
DNA
A (adenine)
C (cytosine)
G (guanine)
T (thymine)
RNA
A (adenine)
C (cytosine)
G (guanine)
U (uracil)
complementary base pairs
A - T
C - G

13. Functions of macromolecules
Carbohydrate  energy, some structure/support Proteins  structure, growth, repair, enzymes, hormones, carry oxygen, regulate glucose Lipids  long term energy storage, cushioning, insulation; hormones; prevent drying out/getting wet; cell membranes Nucleic Acids  store genetic information as code; involved in making proteins

14. Food Tests
Benedict’s solution is a test for monosaccharides. It starts blue and turns red if heated.
Why did the sucrose remain blue after being heated?

15. Food Tests
Iodine is a test for starch. It starts as a rust color and turns black or blue/black.

16. Food Tests
Lipids turn brown paper translucent.

17. Food Tests
Proteins
Biurets turns purple when proteins are present.