1. Federalism

2. 3 types of governmental systems Unitary systemUnitary system Federal systemFederal system Confederal systemConfederal system

3. Unitary System Central Government States Citizens

4. Federal System Central Government Citizens State or regional government State or regional government

5. Confederal System Central Government Citizens State or regional government State or regional government

6. Disadvantages of Federalism: States and local governments can block important national policies such as civil rightsStates and local governments can block important national policies such as civil rights Allows the power of local interests to go uncheckedAllows the power of local interests to go unchecked Allows for big variations in how people are treatedAllows for big variations in how people are treated States and local governments may lack the necessary expertise and money to accomplish important goalsStates and local governments may lack the necessary expertise and money to accomplish important goals

7. Advantages of Federalism Allows for big variations in terms of how people are treatedAllows for big variations in terms of how people are treated States can become “laboratories of democracy”States can become “laboratories of democracy” Federalism enhances political participationFederalism enhances political participation Therefore, it can increase “political efficacy”Therefore, it can increase “political efficacy”

8. Federalism: The Great Debate National Standards versus Local DiscretionNational Standards versus Local Discretion Examples?Examples?

9. Federalism and the Founders Nation-Centered (Federalist Perspective)Nation-Centered (Federalist Perspective) State-Centered (Anti-Federalist Perspective)State-Centered (Anti-Federalist Perspective)

10. McCulloch v. Maryland (1819) The IssuesThe Issues Significance?Significance?

11. The Anti-Federalist Perspective States’ Rights & John C. CalhounStates’ Rights & John C. Calhoun The Doctrine of NullificationThe Doctrine of Nullification Implications?Implications?

12. Evolution of Federalism Dual Federalism (1865-1933)Dual Federalism (1865-1933) Cooperative Federalism (1933-1960)Cooperative Federalism (1933-1960) Role of the Great DepressionRole of the Great Depression FDR and the "New Deal“FDR and the "New Deal“ Escalating perception of poor state performanceEscalating perception of poor state performance

13. Fiscal Federalism Categorical GrantsCategorical Grants Block GrantsBlock Grants Example: Community Development Block GrantExample: Community Development Block Grant General Revenue SharingGeneral Revenue Sharing

14. Other Concepts Morton Grodzins: Marble cake versus layer cake theoryMorton Grodzins: Marble cake versus layer cake theory Unfunded MandatesUnfunded Mandates