1. THE HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES 1492-1877
Lecture 7
THE AGE OF NATIONALISM AND SECTIONALISM

2. THE WAR OF 1812 Causes: America’s desire for Canada
Freedom of the seas: demand for neutral rights for American shipping
Desire for Spanish Florida
Stopping Indian attacks on the frontier
The outgrowth of the Napoleonic wars in Europe

3. THE WAR OF 1812 Fighting between 1812-14
Northern theatre: 1813: Lake Erie Commodore Perry defeats the British Navy “We have met the enemy and they are ours”
Southern theatre: 1814: Andrew Jackson defeats the Creeks at the Battle of Horseshoe Bend
August British take Washington D.C.
Burned the presidential manor

4. COMMODORE PERRY

5. BURNING OF WASHINGTON D.C.

6. THE WAR OF 1812 Battle at Baltimore
Defense of Fort McHenry heroism inspires Francis Scott Key to write the poem: “The Star-Spangled Banner” later national anthem
1814 Christmas Eve Treaty of Ghent
Fighting ends, prisoners are returned, previous borders are restored
January Battle of New Orleans Andrew Jackson defeats the British

7. FRANCIS SCOTT KEY

8. THE LEGACY OF THE WAR Leads to a rise of a national spirit
America becomes a nation
A second war of independence
New symbols of nationhood: national anthem
A general rise of patriotism
U.S. gains economic independence

9. A RISING SPIRIT OF NATIONALISM
The war of 1812 reveals the need for new roads, canals, transportation development, this new national spirit manifests itself in three areas
Economic nationalism
Judicial nationalism
Nationalist foreign policy

10. ECONOMIC NATIONALISM The American System promoted by Henry Clay,
-National bank
The charter of the Bank of the U.S. expires in 1811
1816, a new charter is issued for 20 years
Starting capital 35 million, govt. provides 7 million, owns 1/5 of stock
Internal improvements:

11. ECONOMIC NATIONALISM Internal improvements
Erie Canal, connects Great Lakes with Atlantic Ocean
National Road from Maryland to Ohio
Tariff:
To protect market from cheap British goods, Tariff of 1816
While helping the North, hurts the South
British can’t sell goods in the North, no money to buy southern cotton

12. JUDICIAL NATIONALISM The Supreme Court asserts its supremacy
John Marshall chief justice
Through these decisions the legal and constitutional foundations of the development of liberal capitalism are established

13. JUDICIAL NATIONALISM 1803 Marbury v. Madison judicial review
1819: McCulloch v. Maryland the federal govt. is supreme to the states,
“the power to tax involves the power to destroy”
1824 Gibbons v. Ogden Aaron Ogden, exclusive ferry rights across Hudson between New York and New Jersey Thomas Gibbons challenges Court: Hudson river flows not only in New York, but New Jersey violation of interstate commerce

14. NATIONALIST FOREIGN POLICY
: John Quincy Adams , Secretary of State of Pres. Monroe
1817: Rush-Bagot Treaty demilitarizes the U.S-Canadian border
Confirmation of the U.S.-Canadian border at 49th parallel
1819 Adams-Onis Treaty Spain cedes Florida to U.S.
1823: Monroe Doctrine

15. THE MONROE DOCTRINE
During Napoleonic Wars Spain collapses, Fears of French takeover of Latin American colonies
Britain wants to make a joint declaration with U.S. against the expansion of French colonialism
December 2, 1823 Monroe’s message to Congress
The American continent is not to be colonized by European powers
Expansion of European influence would mean war
U.S. would not interfere with existing European colonies
U.S. keeps out of European internal affairs and wars
Main message: isolationist foreign policy

16. THE ERA OF GOOD FEELINGS
Presidency of James Monroe ( )
Last president of the revolutionary generation
Secy. of State of James Madison
Era of Good Feelings
Two exceptions

17. JAMES MONROE

18. EXCEPTION TO THE ERA OF GOOD FEELINGS
Panic of 1819
Cotton prices plummet, South is hurt
Britain finds cheaper source of cotton in East India
1819:11 slave holding states, 11 free states
Missouri applies for statehood, Congress postpones until Maine applies
1820 Missouri compromise
“a fire bell in the night”
Imaginary line is drawn at the parallel going west
North of the line slavery is excluded, south of the line, slavery is allowed

19. SECTIONALISM
The manifestation of sectional (northern, southern, western) interests in American politics
Main manifestation States rights movement: Nullification Crisis ( )
Constitutional basis: 10th amendment powers not delegated to federal govt. are reserved to states
State compact theory Constitution a compact between federal govt. and states

20. THE NULLIFICATION CRISIS
Spokesman: John C. Calhoun
Protest against high protective tariff 1828, 1832
South Carolina Exposition and Protest States can nullify laws approved by federal govt. If fed govt. accepts nullification, no problem, if not states can secede
1833: South Carolina: declares Tariff null and void
Federal govt. blockades Charleston, South Carolina begins to arm herself
Solution: compromise tariff a gradual reduction until 1842 proposed by Henry Clay

21. ECONOMIC SECTIONALISM
Renewal of the bank crisis
Pres. Jackson: against bank, sees it as agent of eastern financial interests
Withdraws govt. deposits from bank, it collapses
After 1830’s greatest dividing issue: slavery