3. *Tariff of 1828 Signed by John Q. AdamsSigned by John Q. Adams *Tariff of 1828 Signed by John Q. Adams Supported by middle statesSupported by middle states Protective tariff raised rates as high as 60%Protective tariff raised rates as high as 60% South upset - because they saw the US Govt. favoring the North and industry… South upset - because they saw the US Govt. favoring the North and industry… Feared the US Govt. would take away slaveryFeared the US Govt. would take away slavery Supported by middle statesSupported by middle states Protective tariff raised rates as high as 60%Protective tariff raised rates as high as 60% South upset - because they saw the US Govt. favoring the North and industry… South upset - because they saw the US Govt. favoring the North and industry… Feared the US Govt. would take away slaveryFeared the US Govt. would take away slavery

4. Slave Rebellions 1822- Denmark Vesey- free black led rebellion in SC- UNSUCCESSFUL- but scared whites. Britain abolishing slavery- international opposition to slave trade grows

5. Why the South Hated the Tariff Northeast was experiencing a booming economy The West was profiting from rising property values & population increases Southwest was expanding cotton growing The South had hard economic times. Tariff raised prices southerners paid for goods bought from Europe Tariff caused Europeans to raise tariffs

6. NULLIFICATION CRISIS John C. Calhoun, former VP under Jackson “The Union, next to our liberty, most dear” President Jackson “Our federal Union, it must be Preserved”

7. John C. Calhoun, had resigned as VP because of the Eaton Affair and Tariff of 1828John C. Calhoun, had resigned as VP because of the Eaton Affair and Tariff of 1828 The South calls it the “Tariff of Abominations”The South calls it the “Tariff of Abominations” Calhoun secretly wrote —The South Carolina Exposition and Protest--- Advocated the “compact theory”, nullification, & right to secede for states Advocated the “compact theory”, nullification, & right to secede for states Remember the origin of the idea??Remember the origin of the idea?? “ an unchecked majority is despotism”- Calhoun

8. Daniel Webster (Massachusetts) debated Robert Hayne of (SC) on the nature of the federal Union under the Constitution in 1830 Webster attacked the idea that any state could defy or leave the Union “Liberty and Union, now and forever, one and inseparable”- Webster Hayne argued that the states had the right to nullify federal laws believed to be unconstitutional

9. The Tariff of 1832 Meant to ease tensions Would reduce worst parts of 1828 Tariff Proposed to reduce tariff by 10% over 8 years. South Carolina legislature voted to nullify 1828 Tariff & 1832 Tariff & threatened to secede if nullification was not respected. **SC the only state to do this! ALONE

10. The Cartoon from the 1832 presidential cartoon depicts Jackson as a cat with “Veto” written on his tail clearing Uncle Sam’s barn of bank and clay rats In 1832, an election year, Henry Clay decided to challenge Jackson on the bank issue by persuading a majority in Congress to pass a bank re-charter bill earlier than necessary (1832). Jackson vetoed this bill Bank may go on until 1836 In 1832, an election year, Henry Clay decided to challenge Jackson on the bank issue by persuading a majority in Congress to pass a bank re-charter bill earlier than necessary (1832). Jackson vetoed this bill Bank may go on until 1836 Jackson believed that the Bank of the United States was unconstitutional

11. The Bank War inspired numerous cartoons. Opponents referred to him as King Andrew because used the veto more than any president to that time…..12 times Destroyed the BUS in 1832 with the veto. Picture shows President Jackson holding a veto in his left hand and scepter in his right. US Constitution is torn up and Jackson is standing on it… King Andrew

12. An overwhelming majority of voters approved of Jackson’s veto ¾Jackson won reelection with more than ¾ of the electoral vote 1 ST with a third party (Anti-Masonic) 1 st used nominating conventions 1 st with platforms An overwhelming majority of voters approved of Jackson’s veto ¾Jackson won reelection with more than ¾ of the electoral vote 1 ST with a third party (Anti-Masonic) 1 st used nominating conventions 1 st with platforms The 1832 Election

13. 1833--Jackson persuaded Congress to pass a *The Force Bill giving the president authority to use military force to collect the tariff. Jackson issued a Proclamation to the People of SC stating that nullification and disunion were treason Jackson also suggested that Congress lower the tariff 1833--Jackson persuaded Congress to pass a *The Force Bill giving the president authority to use military force to collect the tariff. Jackson issued a Proclamation to the People of SC stating that nullification and disunion were treason Jackson also suggested that Congress lower the tariff

14. The Nullification Crisis Compromise of 1833 –Henry Clay proposes a compromise –Tariffs were gradually lowered---to 25% over 10 years –South Carolina dropped nullification but, nullified the Force Bill (on principle) –South lost its dominance to North and West –Jackson preserved the Union Southerners believed they were becoming a permanent minority –As that feeling of isolation grew, it was not nullification but the threat of secession that ultimately became the South’s primary weapon. Compromise of 1833 –Henry Clay proposes a compromise –Tariffs were gradually lowered---to 25% over 10 years –South Carolina dropped nullification but, nullified the Force Bill (on principle) –South lost its dominance to North and West –Jackson preserved the Union Southerners believed they were becoming a permanent minority –As that feeling of isolation grew, it was not nullification but the threat of secession that ultimately became the South’s primary weapon.

15. The Bank of the United States, although privately owned, received federal deposits and attempted to serve a public purpose by cushioning the ups and downs of the national economy

16. Opposition to the 2 nd B.U.S. “Soft” (paper) $ “Hard” (specie) $ sssstate bankers felt BUS restrained their banks from issuing bank notes freely. ssssupported rapid economic growth & speculation. WWWWesterners & southerners disliked it 2222ND BUS minted gold & silver coins; the only safe currency. ddddidn’t like any bank that issued bank notes. ssssuspicious of expansion & speculation.

17. The National Bank Debate Nicholas Biddle- 2 nd Bank of the U.S. President President Jackson

18. Biddle v Jackson Jackson believed BUS was too powerful because it was privately owned. Considered it unconstitutional regardless of Marshall’s McCulloch vs. Maryland Should be controlled more by government and the people because it was corrupt. Nicholas Biddle- President of the BUS, Henry Clay and Daniel Webster supported the BUS

19. A triumphant Jackson holds his order to remove government deposits from the bank as the bank crumbles and a host of demonic characters scurry from its ruins. Jackson killed the Bank: 1.Removed federal deposits 2.Placed FEDERAL deposits in “pet banks ”

20. The “Monster” Is Destroyed!  “pet banks” or wildcat banks- pro-Jackson STATE OWNED & western banks  Effects: 1. Destabilizes the U.S. economy 2. Contributed to Panic of 1837 (Van Buren- President) 3. Inflation in the economy rampant; “shady banks”

21. *The Specie Circular (1936)  “pet banks”  “pet banks” –issued lots of paper money= money lost its value (inflation)  BUS absent= cycles of boom & bust  Jackson attempted to help the economy by issuing the *Species Circular.  a decree that required all public land to be purchased with “hard” metallic money= land boom died quickly= economic Panic of 1837

23. American Policy & the Indians Since 1790’s – obtain land from Native Americans through treaties. Indian & white relationships varied 1.Assimilation- Society for Propagating the Gospel Among Indians (1787). 2. Some tribes adopted white ways- Cherokee (own alphabet- Sequoyah, press, constitution, government with 3 branches, farmers) 3. Five Civilized Tribes (Cherokee, Choctaw, Chickasaw, Creek, & Seminole) Georgia- revoked Indians right to rule themselves- Supreme Court sided with Cherokee (3 times)

24. Jackson Indian Policy “soft” spot for Indians-moving them to save them-Jackson had adopted an Indian! Most Americans favored moving them to the west (Oklahoma-appointed “Indian Territory”) 1830-** Indian Removal Act –Congress set aside money to remove all eastern Indians (Bureau of Indian Affairs to oversee effort)

25. In 1829, Andrew Jackson reflected on the condition of the Indians, and on Indian-white relations. Jackson’s Indian Removal Act 1831. “Our conduct toward these people is deeply interesting to our national character….Our ancestors found them the uncontrolled possessors of these vast regions. By persuasion and force they have been made to retire from river to river and from mountain to mountain, until some of the tribes have become extinct and others have left but remnants to preserve for awhile their once terrible names. trail 3

26. Surrounded by the whites with their arts of civilization, which by destroying the resources of the savage doom him to weakness and decay, the fate of the Mohegan, Narragansett, and the Delaware is fast overtaking the Choctaw, the Cherokee, and the Creek. That this fate surely awaits them if they remain within the limits of the States does not admit of a doubt. Humanity and national honor demand that every effort should be made to avert such a calamity. trail 3

27. Indians Push Back 1830’s Blackhawk Indian Wars- Sauk & Fox Tribes (Ill. & Wisconsin) Seminoles led by Chief Osceola; chief captured but, tribe members escape to everglades.

28. 3 RD CASE IN FAVOR OF INDIANS Established tribal autonomy (self-governing state, community, or group within their boundaries), The tribes were “distinct political communities, having territorial boundaries within which their authority is exclusive (private).” The Court ruled that the laws of Georgia had not force within the territorial boundaries of the Cherokee Nation. Jackson’s reply: “Marshall has made his decision, now let HIM enforce it”. **Worcester v. Georgia (1832): John Marshall

29. we have preaching or prayer meeting every night while on the march, and you may well imagine that under the peculiar circumstances of the case, among those sublime mountains and in the deep forest with the thunder often roaring in the distance, that nothing could be more solemn and impressive. And I always looked on with awe, lest their prayers which I felt... ascending to Heaven and calling for justice to Him who alone can & will grant it... [might] fall upon my guilty head as one of the instruments of oppression. Lt. L.B. Webster trail 1 US Army forcibly removed last of eastern Indians to Indian Territory (Oklahoma) 4,000 Indians died along the way 116 day journey in winter Carried out under Presidency of Martin Van Buren

31. Trial of tears

33. Long time we travel on way to new land. People feel bad when they leave old nation. Women cry and make sad wails. Children cry and many men cry, and all look sad like when friends die, but they say nothing and just put heads down and keep on go towards West. Many days pass and people die very much. We bury close by Trail. Survivor of the Trail of Tears trail 2

34. JEFFERSONIAN DEMOCRACY Grew out of the rich soil of Jeffersonian republicanism JACKSONIAN DEMOCRACY Political world changed during the New Democracy. Two new political parties emerge WHIGS 1.Groups alienated by Jackson’s policies: Clay- Webster, state’s righter's, northern industrialists 2.favored: internal improvements, public schools, prisons, market economy 3.Tried to take the mantle: party of the common man DEMOCRATS 1.Believed in federal restrain in economic and social affairs. 2.Liberty of the individual and were fiercely on guard against the inroads of privilege into the government. Pro-slavery 3.Protected the common man….

35. Texas American want more land-esp. the South! 1821- Mexico gained independence from Spain– opens territory for colonization Condition- adopt Catholic religion, Mexican citizenship, no slavery allowed 1823- Stephen Austin- granted huge tract of land by Mexican government if he led more to the area—30,000 by 1835! 1830- Mexico-freed all slaves!

36. Santa Anna & Conflict Santa Anna- became dictator of Mexico- declares no more American immigrants can enter or slaves. 1833- Stephen Austin went to Mexico to speak about problems- thrown in jail for 8 months. 1835- Santa Anna initiates martial law in Taxas

37. Texas Revolution 1836 Texas declares its independence *Battles of Alamo & Goliad– show American spirit & Mexican cruelty. *Battle of San Jacinto- Sam Houston & Texans capture Santa Anna; forced to sign document saying Texas is independent. Texas sets southern boundary at Rio Grande River Sam Houston chosen president of Texas Republic Most Texans want to be annexed into US Northerners won’t allow annexation!! Jackson- recognizes Texas Republic on last day in office- NOT STATEHOOD!

38. Andrew Jackson in Retirement

39. Photo of Andrew Jackson in 1844 (one year before his death) 1767 - 1845

40. The Presidency of Martin Van Buren

41. The 1836 Election Results Martin Van Buren 1 st pres. Born under US flag1 st pres. Born under US flag New YorkerNew Yorker “Jackson’s boy”“Jackson’s boy”

42. V.P. Martin Van Buren wins in 1836 Panic of 1837 Causes: land speculation, species circular, wheat crop failure, failure of 2 British banks  Blamed on the Democrats  “Van Ruin’s” Depression “Divorce Bill”  separating the bank from the government and storing money in some of the vaults of the larger American cities,  thus keeping the money safe but also unavailable that advocated the independent treasury, and in 1840, it was passed. Start of --Independent treasury (until 1913) Trail of Tears– 1838-39 The Presidency of Martin Van Buren

43. Election of 1840 “Log Cabin and Hard Cider”  William Henry Harrison (Whig)  “Tippecanoe and Tyler too”  “Van! Van! Is a Used-up Man!  The Whigs’ Triumph  1 ST “modern election”- 75% voter turnout, return of two party system, rise of common man.

44. Harrison Presidency Harrison died one month after election VP John Tyler become president—1 st VP to ascend this way!

46. Trial of tears