1. April 12  Turn in homework  Figures of Speech Quiz  Notes on chapters 17-23  Song, sound, rhythm, forms, symbol  TP-CASTT – Poetry Analysis  Primary and secondary sources  Developing a poetry explication  Poetry Presentation assignment  REMINDERS  No class April 19 – Poetry exam online  I will have mid-term grades for you Thursday

2. Song Chapter 17  Stanzas – groups of lines whose pattern is repeated throughout the poem  Rhyme scheme – order in which rhymed words recur  Refrains – words, phrases, lines repeated at intervals in a song or songlike poem  Ballads – any narrative song  Folk ballads – anonymous story-songs transmitted orally before they were written down

3. Song Chapter 17  Traditional English or Scottish folk ballads speak of the lives and feelings of others  Ballad stanza – four rhymed lines abcb  Literary ballads – imitate certain features of folk ballads; tell of dramatic conflicts or of mortals who encounter the supernatural

4. Sound Chapter 18  Euphony – pleasing sound to mind & ear  Cacophony – harsh, discordant effect  Onomatopoeia – attempt to represent a thing or action by a word that imitates the sound associated with it  “Who Goes with Fergus?” p. 538  “Recital” p. 538

5. Sound Chapter 18  Alliteration – repetition of the same consonant sound at the beginning of successive words (initial, internal, hidden)  Assonance – repetition of the same vowel sound (initial, internal)  “All Day I Hear” p.541

6. Sound Chapter 18  Rhyme – two or more words or phrases contain an identical or similar vowel-sound, and the consonant-sounds that follow are identical.  Exact rhyme  Slant rhyme  Consonance  End rhyme  Internal rhyme  Masculine rhyme  Feminine rhyme

7. Sound Chapter 18  Reading poems aloud…  Most effective way to read a poem  Read it slower than you would read a newspaper  Don’t lapse into singsong  Observe punctuation  Don’t make rhymes stand out unnaturally

8. Rhythm Chapter 19  Produced by series of recurrences of stresses and pauses  Not identical to sound…it is part of sound  Stresses – (accent) greater amount of force given to one syllable in speaking than is given to another  Comes out slightly louder, higher in pitch  Each English word carries at least one stress with a few exceptions

9. Rhythm Chapter 19  Meter - when stresses recur at fixed intervals  Stressed syllables – power and force  Unstressed syllables (slack) – hesitation and uncertainty  Pauses – (caesuras) influences rhythm too; indicated by a double vertical line  End-stopped – line ends in full stop  Run-on line – no punctuation; only slight pause  “We Real Cool” p. 557

10. Rhythm Chapter 19  Types of Meter  Iambic – unstressed syllable followed by stressed syllable; most common in English poetry  Line Lengths  Iambic pentameter most familiar - 5 feet = 10 syllables

11. Closed Form Chapter 20  Poet follows some sort of pattern, such as rhyme scheme, line numbers, and meter.  Most poetry of the past is closed.  Epic poems – long narratives tracing the adventures of popular heroes  Some complain that it limits free expression  Blank verse – unrhymed iambic pentameter

12. Closed Form Chapter 20  Couplet – two-line stanza, usually rhymed; equal length; often printed solid, not separated from the next by white space…heroic couplet or closed couplet  Parallel – words, phrases, clauses, sentences side by side in agreement or similarity  Antithesis – contrast and opposition  Tercet  Quatrain

13. Closed Form Chapter 20  Sonnet – fixed form of 14 lines, usually written in iambic pentameter and rhyme  English/Shakespearean – ababcdcdefefgg  Italian/Petrarchan  “Let me not to the true marriage of true minds” p. 575  Epigram – terse, pointed statement ending in a witty or ingenious turn of thought; often a malicious gibe with a stinger at the end

14. Open Form Chapter 21  Poet seeks to discover a fresh and individual arrangement for words in every poem  Neither a rhyme scheme nor basic meter  Words at the end of the lines are important p.593  Free verse – “free from shackles of rime and meter”  “Thinking About Free Verse” p. 602

15. Symbol Chapter 22  Visible object or action that suggests some further meaning in addition to itself  Conventional symbols have a customary effect on us  Power of suggestion – leads us from a visible object to something too vast to be perceived  Allegory – usually a narrative in which persons, places, and things are employed in a continuous and consistent system of equivalents.

16. Symbol Chapter 22  Identifying symbols  read poems closely  Pick out references to concrete objects  Notice any that poet emphasizes by detailed description, by repetition, by placing it at beginning or end  Not an abstraction  Not a well-developed character  Not the second term of a metaphor  “Neutral Tones” p. 607

17. Myth & Narrative Chapter 23  Myth – traditional stories abut the exploits of immortal begins  tells of gods or heroes  usually reveal part of a culture’s worldview  Explain universal natural phenomena  Archetype – basic image, character, situation, or symbol that appears so often in literature it evokes a deep universal response  Reflect key primordial experiences  “Thinking About Myth” p.632